Cost efficiency analysis of scheduled commercial banks: empirical evidence from India

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 586-602
Author(s):  
Aparna Bhatia ◽  
Megha Mahendru
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Allocative Efficiency ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cost Inefficiency ◽  
Indian Banks

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate cost efficiency (CE) scores of Indian Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) in India over a period of 22 years, i.e. 1991–1992 to 2012–2013. Design/methodology/approach Data envelopment analysis (DEA) – a non-parametric approach is used to calculate efficiency scores of banks. Further the efficiency scores are decomposed into technical and allocative efficiency. The differences in the efficiency scores across ownership as well as across reformatory and post-reformatory era are examined by applying Panel Tobit Regression. Findings The paper also identifies the reason for cost inefficiency among Indian banks. In addition, the nature of their return to scale of all SCBs has also been evaluated. The results of the paper depict that Indian SCBs have never achieved full CE score of 1 in any of the years of study. The dominant reason identified behind cost inefficiency is allocative inefficiency. Surprisingly, the results also highlight that SCBs exhibit higher CE scores in reformatory era as compared to the post-reformatory era. Originality/value With specific reference to India, even lesser literature is found on CE. Indian banking sector has witnessed many changes on account of liberalization, privatization and globalization (LPG). Before banks adapted to the new environment, the global financial crisis acted as a fuel to fire affecting the performance of banks. Thus, a reassessment over a longer period would help to know a wholistic view of the issue of cost inefficiency, which has always been a troubling factor for Indian banks.

Revenue efficiency analysis of scheduled commercial banks in a dynamic environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Bhatia ◽  
Megha Mahendru
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Allocative Efficiency ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Public Sector Banks ◽  
Revenue Efficiency

Purpose – The paper aims to analyze the revenue efficiency (RE) of Scheduled Commercial Banks in India. The study also determines the nature of Return to Scale (RTS) of banks and thereby identifies the leaders and laggards in the Indian Banking Sector. Design/methodology/approach – RE of banks is calculated by using the non-parametric approach, namely, data envelopment analysis. Further, the efficiency scores are decomposed into technical and allocative efficiency. Findings – Public Sector Banks have higher RE as compared to their counterparts in private and foreign sectors. The choice of operating on incorrect scale is identified as the primary reason of inefficiency. It is suggested that banks should expand their business by opening new branches and also try to increase their customer base. Overall, it is seen that trends in RE are somewhat affected by the dynamism in the environment along with the bank-specific factors. Originality/value – With specific reference to India, less empirical work has been carried out with respect to RE. None of the studies has identified that revenue inefficiency is caused either by mispricing of outputs or giving wrong choice of outputs.

Stressed assets, off-balance sheet business activities and performance of Indian banking sector: a DEA double bootstrap approach

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shahid Zaman ◽  
Anup Kumar Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Bank Efficiency ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bootstrap Approach ◽  
Double Bootstrap ◽  
Indian Banks

Purpose This paper examines the technical efficiency (TE) of Indian commercial banks during 1998–2015. Design/methodology/approach This study uses mathematical programming-based data envelopment analysis (DEA) methodology to measure technical efficiency of Indian banks. Further, Simar and Wilson (2007) double bootstrap procedure is applied to examine the determinants of efficiency of the Indian banks, by examining the effects of various bank specific and other contextual variables. Findings The results indicate substantial upward bias in the conventional efficiency estimates of the Indian commercial banks. Needless to note, such upward bias is consistent with the theoretical postulates. The bootstrapped regression results show that increasing capital adequacy ratio is positively associated with bank efficiency. The popular belief that non-performing assets have a dampening effect on performance of banks is validated. Among others, ownership category is observed to be an important determining factor of bank efficiency. Specifically, state-owned banks (SOBs) are relatively lagging behind the foreign banks. Moreover, larger banks are observed to have a significantly higher level of efficiency, therefore, recent official policy initiatives toward consolidation of SOBs are validated. Originality/value As this study uses Simar and Wilson (2007) bootstrap approach, it enables the authors to have an estimate of the extent of bias in the traditional DEA TE scores. It also helps us drawing consistent inferences by rectifying the problem of serial correlation in the conventional second stage regression in this regard.

Technical efficiency: the pathway to credit union cost efficiency in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1292-1310
Author(s):  
Benjamin Amoah ◽  
Kwaku Ohene-Asare ◽  
Godfred Alufar Bokpin ◽  
Anthony Q.Q. Aboagye
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Returns To Scale ◽  
Credit Unions ◽  
Credit Union ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that tend to influence credit union efficiency, specifically examining cost efficiency (CE) and technical efficiency. Design/methodology/approach Using a two-stage method, the authors first estimate CE using Tones’ SBM data envelopment analysis method and technical efficiency in a variable returns to scale setting during the period 2008–2014. The authors estimate a mixed-effects and two-limit Tobit regression to examine the effect of credit union specific characteristics, banking industry and macroeconomic conditions, on efficiency. Findings Credit unions’ CE averaged 38.9 percent compared to 54.4 percent for technical efficiency. The authors find that technical efficiency does not translate into CE and vice versa. Practical implications The authors suggest that when targeting CE, credit union managers would have to make technical efficiency a priority. A monopolized and inefficient banking sector does not challenge efficiency improvement in the credit unions industry. Originality/value This study employs data from a frontier market.

Global Financial Crisis and Banking Sector Efficiency: The Indian Perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-109
Author(s):  
Seema Garg
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
International Financial Crisis ◽  
Indian Banks ◽  
The Impact

Banks play a crucial role in developing and least developed economies by facilitating in trade finance. Banks established an important linkage in international trade by guaranteeing international payments and thereby reducing the risk of trade transactions. The Banks in India has witnessed a significant growth, specialization and diversification since the initiation of financial sector reforms in 1991and further slowdown in the economy as a result of global financial crisis in 2008-2009. This study examines the performance of Indian banks using data envelopment analysis. Though, there are large number of literature have been published on banking efficiency, This is an attempt to investigate the impact of global financial crisis on performance of Indian banking sector. The sole objective of this study is to exhibit, utilizing empirical data, the quantum to which the global financial crisis had an impact on the performance of the Indian banking industry. This study gives a comparative empirical analysis of the technical efficiency of Indian commercial banks during pre and post crisis period covering 2005-2012 using non parametric technique i.e. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This period is consisting of pre and post global crisis period which is characterized by far reaching experience of crisis period (2008-2009) and its impact on the efficiency of the Indian banking sector. Overall, the results reveal that the effect of international financial crisis on the Indian banks has not been significant. Instead, the analysis reveals there is a statistically insignificant improvement in the efficiency of Indian banks’ following international financial crisis. Furthermore, the paper shows that the commercial banks have a high degree of resilience and stability.

The intellectual capital performance of the Indian banking sector

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Barathi Kamath
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Domestic Banks ◽  
Indian Banks

PurposeThe paper seeks to estimate and analyze the Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC™) for measuring the value‐based performance of the Indian banking sector for a period of five years from 2000 to 2004.Design/methodology/approachAnnual reports, especially the profit/loss account and balance‐sheet of the banks concerned for the relevant years, were used to obtain the data. A review is conducted of the international literature on intellectual capital with specific reference to literature that reviews measurement techniques and tools, and the VAIC™ method is applied in order to analyze the data of Indian banks for the five‐year period. The intellectual or human capital (HC) and physical capital (CA) of the Indian banking sector is analysed and their impact on the banks' value‐based performance is discussed.FindingsThe study confirms the existence of vast differences in the performance of Indian banks in different segments, and there is also an improvement in the overall performance over the study period. There is an evident bias in favour of the performance of foreign banks compared with domestic banks.Research limitations/implicationsAll 98 scheduled commercial banks are studied as per the information provided by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)/India's Apex bank. Regional rural banks (RRBs), a segment of the indian banking sector, are not dealt with in the study since their number is large (more than 200), but they contribute only 3 percent of the market of Indian banks. This paper is a landmark in Indian banking history as it approaches performance measurement with a new dimension.Practical implicationsThe paper has strong theoretical foundations, which have a proven record and applications. The methodology adopted has been research tested. Domestic banks in India are provided with a new dimension to understand and evaluate their performance and benchmark it with global standards. The paper also has policy implications, as it reflects the lop‐sided growth of a few sections in the Indian banking segment.Originality/valueThe paper represents a pioneering and seminal attempt to understand the implications of the business performance of the Indian banking sector from an intellectual resource perspective.

Assessment of revenue efficiency of Indian scheduled commercial banks

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1234-1254
Author(s):  
Aparna Bhatia ◽  
Megha Mahendru
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Parametric Approach ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Revenue Efficiency ◽  
Better Than

Purpose This paper aims to endeavour to assess revenue efficiency (RE) scores of Scheduled Commercial Banks operating in India. Differences in RE are studied across varying ownership as well. The study also determines the nature of return to scale of Indian SCBs as whole as well as classified across ownership. Number of banks operating as leaders and laggards has also been calculated. Design/methodology/approach RE of banks is calculated by using the non-parametric approach, namely, data envelopment analysis (DEA). Further, the differences in the efficiency scores are examined by applying Panel Tobit Regression. Findings The results of DEA suggest that none of the banks has ever achieved full RE score of 1 in any of the years under study. An inconsistent pattern of RE is seen. Private sector banks have performed better than their counterparts in public and foreign sector. Maximum number of banks operating on decreasing return to scale are from public sector, and the highest number of banks operating on constant return to scale belong to Foreign Sector. More number of banks operates as laggards in the Indian financial system. Thus, there still exists room for improvement for banks in all sectors. Originality/value With specific reference to India, less empirical work has been carried out with respect to RE. As only two studies so far from the literature are available that consider RE exclusively, namely, Ram Mohan and Ray (2004) and Bhatia and Mahendru (2015). However, Ram Mohan and Ray (2004) considered only the reformatory phase, whereas Bhatia and Mahendru (2015) analyzed the performance for specific points of time only. None of the study has been able to give any concrete findings according to sector-wise performance of banks in terms of RE parameters.

Shadow banking from China's perspective: an empirical analysis of bank-issued wealth management products

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Mehmood Raza Shah ◽  
Qiang Fu ◽  
Ghulam Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Usman Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Shadow Banking ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wealth Management ◽  
Chinese Banks

PurposeWealth Management Products (WMPs) are the largest and most crucial component of China's Shadow banking, which are off the balance sheet and considered as a substitute for deposits. Commercial banks in China are involved in the issuance of WMPs mainly to; evade the regulatory restrictions, move non-performing loans away from the balance sheet, chase the profits and take advantage of yield spread (the difference between WMPs yield and deposit rate).Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the authors investigate what bank related characteristics and needs; influenced and prompted the issuance of WMPs. By using a quarterly panel data from 2010 to 2019, this study performed the fixed effects approach favored by the Hausman specification test, and a feasible generalized least square (FGLS) estimation method is employed to deal with any issues of heteroscedasticity and auto-correlation.FindingsThis study found that there is a positive and significant association between the non-performing loan ratio and the issuance of WMPs. Moreover, profitability and spread were found to play an essential role in the issuance of WMPs. The findings of this study suggest that WMPs are issued for multi-purpose, and off the balance sheet status of these products makes them very lucrative for regulated Chinese commercial banks.Research limitations/implicationsNon-guaranteed WMPs are considered as an item of shadow banking in China, as banks do not consolidate this type of WMPs into their balance sheet; due to that reason, there is no individual bank data available for the amount of WMPs. The authors use the number of WMPs issued by banks as a proxy for the bank's exposure to the WMPs business.Practical implicationsFrom a regulatory perspective, this study helps regulators to understand the risk associated with the issuance of WMPs; by providing empirical evidence that Chinese banks issue WMPs to hide the actual risk of non-performing loans, and this practice could mislead the regulators to evaluate the bank credit risk and loan quality. This study also identifies that Chinese banks issue WMPs for multi-purpose; this can help potential investors to understand the dynamics of WMPs issuance.Originality/valueThis research is innovative in its orientation because it is designed to investigate the less explored wealth management products (WMPs) issued by Chinese banks. This study's content includes not only innovation but also contributes to the existing literature on the shadow banking sector in terms of regulatory arbitrage. Moreover, the inclusion of FGLS estimation models, ten years of quarterly data, and the top 30 Chinese banks (covers 70% of the total Chinese commercial banking system's assets) make this research more comprehensive and significant.

Determinants of bank stability in a small island economy: a study of Fiji

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-42
Author(s):  
Shasnil Avinesh Chand ◽  
Ronald Ravinesh Kumar ◽  
Peter Josef Stauvermann
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Bank Stability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Net Interest Margin ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Macro Finance

Purpose This study aims to examine the determinants of bank stability based on three measures of bank stability while accounting for key bank-specific, macro-finance and structural variables. The aim is to underscore key indicators of stability that can be tracked by analysts, bank managers and regulators, especially in small economies such as Fiji. Design/methodology/approach The sample comprises a balanced panel of seven banking and financial institutions over the period 2000-2018. For consistency of data and similar functions in terms of deposit and loans, this paper considers five commercial banks and two credit institutions in Fiji. A fixed-effect method of regression is applied, to control for bank heterogeneity. The dependent variable is bank stability, which is based on three measures – the Z-score, the risk-adjusted return on assets and the risk-adjusted equity to assets ratio. Findings It is noted that bank size, funding risk, credit risk and Herfindahl-Hirschman index are positively associated with bank stability. In the extended model, both inflation and economic growth are positively associated with bank stability, although only inflation is statistically significant. Moreover, factors having a negative association with bank stability are the liquidity risk, the net interest margin and the remittances inflow. Additionally, the domestically generated political crises of the years 2000 and 2006 and the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 are negatively associated with bank stability. Originality/value This study empirically examines the determinants of bank stability in Fiji’s banking sector. Unlike previous studies, this study considers three measures of stability, with z-score as the dominant measure and as explanatory variables, bank-specific, macro-finance and structural variables. The bank-specific data used in the study were hand-picked from the disclosure statements of banks and macro-finance data were extracted from the World Bank Indicators. The study underscores pertinent factors associated with bank stability in the small island economy of Fiji, which can be of interest to analysts, bankers, regulators and researchers in this domain.

Contemporaneous or causal? Evaluating the triumvirate of insolvency risk, capitalization and efficiency in Indian commercial banking

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Navendu Prakash ◽  
Shveta Singh ◽  
Seema Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Bank Capital ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Insolvency Risk

PurposeThis paper empirically examines the short-term and long-term associations between risk, capital and efficiency (R-C-E) in the Indian banking sector across 2008–2019 to answer the presence of causation or contemporaneousness in the R-C-E nexus.Design/methodology/approachThe paper focuses on three objectives. First, the authors determine short-term causality in the risk–efficiency relationship by studying the simultaneous influence of a wide array of banking risks on DEA-based technical and cost efficiency in static and dynamic situations. Second, the authors introduce bank capital and contemporaneously determine the interplay between R-C-E using seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) and three-staged least squares (3SLS). Last, the authors assess stability in inter-temporal associations using Granger causality in an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) generalized method of moments (GMM) framework.FindingsThe authors contend that high capital buffers reduce insolvency risk and increase bank stability. Technically efficient banks carry lesser equity buffers, suggesting a trade-off between capital and efficiency. However, capitalization makes banks more technically efficient but not cost-efficient, implying that over-capitalization creates cost inefficiencies, which, in line with the cost skimping hypothesis, forces banks to undertake risk. Concerning causal relationships, the authors conclude that inefficiency Granger-causes insolvency and increases bank risk. Further, steady increases in capital precede technical and cost efficiency improvements. The converse also holds as more efficient banks depict temporal increases in capitalization levels.Originality/valueThe paper is perhaps the first that acknowledges the influence of the “time” perspective on the R-C-E nexus in an emerging economy and advocates that prudential regulations must focus on short-term and long-term intricacies among the triumvirate to foster a stable banking environment.

Economic slowdown, NPA crisis and productivity behavior of Indian banks

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Goswami ◽  
Rachita Gulati
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Undesirable Output ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tfp Growth ◽  
Robust Estimates ◽  
Indian Banks

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the productivity behavior of Indian banks in the presence of non-performing assets (NPAs) over the period 1999 to 2017. The study examines whether Indian banks withstand the shocks of the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007–2009 and sustain their total factor productivity (TFP) levels in the post-crisis economic turbulent period or not.Design/methodology/approachThe robust estimates of TFP and its components: efficiency change and technical change are obtained using the state-of-the-art and innovative sequential Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index (SMLPI) approach. The key advantages of this approach are that it explicitly allows the joint production of undesirable output (NPAs in our case) along with desirable inputs and outputs in the production process and precludes the possibility of spurious technical regress.FindingsThe empirical results of the study reveal that the Indian banking system has experienced a (−1) percent TFP regress, contributed solely by efficiency loss during the period under investigation. The GFC has slowed down the growth trajectory of TFP growth in the Indian banking industry. Among ownership groups, the effect of the GFC was pronounced on the public sector banks.Practical implicationsThe practical implication drawn from the study is that the Indian banks have not been able to successfully transmit the use of installed technology in a way to generate early warning signals and mitigate the risk of defaults so as to maximize their productivity gains in the banking industry.Originality/valueThis study is perhaps the first one to understand the productivity dynamics of the Indian banks in response to both endogenous (i.e. NPA crisis) and exogenous (i.e. global financial and economic stress) crises. Moreover, the authors obtain the robust estimates of TFP growth of Indian banks by explicitly accounting for NPAs as an undesirable output and equity as a quasi-fixed input in the bank production process.

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