Retail brand experience: scale development and validation

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Khan ◽  
Zillur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Brand Experience ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Consumer Intentions ◽  
Validity Tests ◽  
Development And Validation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a multi-dimensional scale to measure retail brand experience. Design/methodology/approach Literature review and open-ended survey have been carried out to generate an initial pool of items. Item reduction has been done using exploratory factor analysis and validation of measures performed through confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. A total of six separate studies have been conducted to develop and validate the retail brand experience scale. Findings A 22-item seven-dimensional retail brand experience scale is developed. The proposed scale has exhibited sound psychometric properties based on the findings from different reliability and validity tests, as well as from robust scale replications across several different samples. Findings support that retail brand experience has a significant impact on consumer intentions (word-of-mouth and pay more). Practical implications This research develops a set of retail brand experience measures that can provide retailers a way to examine the experiences evoked through retail brand-related stimuli. Originality/value This study is the first of its kind of its kind that develops and validates the measures of the retail brand experience.

scholarly journals Examining the ParticipACTION brand using the brand equity pyramid

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lithopoulos ◽  
Peter A. Dacin ◽  
Tanya R. Berry ◽  
Guy Faulkner ◽  
Norm O’Reilly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Brand Equity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Activity Promotion ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

Purpose The brand equity pyramid is a theory that explains how people develop loyalty and an attachment to a brand. The purpose of this study is to test whether the predictions made by the theory hold when applied to the brand of ParticipACTION, a Canadian non-profit organization that promotes active living. A secondary objective was to test whether this theory predicted intentions to be more physically active. Design/methodology/approach A research agency conducted a cross-sectional, online brand health survey on behalf of ParticipACTION. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis established the factor structure. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. Findings A nationally representative sample of Canadian adults (N = 1,191) completed the survey. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported a hypothesized five-factor brand equity framework (i.e. brand identity, brand meaning, brand responses, brand resonance and intentions). A series of structural equation models also provided support for the hypothesized relationships between the variables. Practical implications Though preliminary, the results provide a guide for understanding the branding process in the activity-promotion context. The constructs identified as being influential in this process can be targeted by activity-promotion organizations to improve brand strength. A strong organizational brand could augment activity-promotion interventions. A strong brand may also help the organization better compete against other brands promoting messages that are antithetical to their own. Originality/value This is the first study to test the brand equity pyramid using an activity-promotion brand. Results demonstrate that the brand equity pyramid may be useful in this context.

Social isolation: development and validation of measures

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1905-1920
Author(s):  
Sushant Ranjan ◽  
Rama Shankar Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
External Criterion ◽  
Validity Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Development And Validation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and empirically validate items on social isolation. The comprehensive literature review of existing studies on the measures of social isolation, loneliness and the related construct was conducted. The paper seeks to conceptualize, validate and present items to measure social isolation. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on theoretical and empirical investigation of the measures of social isolation, loneliness and related constructs such as social others, social loneliness and feeling of sociability. The items were generated through theoretical exploration of previous literature and later modified. The author examined the items through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and further checked for external criterion validity. Data collected from 128 individuals, in India, were examined to design and validate the scale. Findings The finding of the paper is a ten-item social isolation scale. Using structural equation modeling, we have found extraversion and well-being significantly associated with final items in the present study, confirming the external quality of the scale. Practical implications Organizations may benefit by close examination of the presence of social isolation in employees along with providing support and assistance to employees so as to reduce negative consequences of social isolation and can address the well-being of the employee. Originality/value There is a dearth of developed and validated measures of social isolation in the literature. The study reveals the conceptualization and empirical validation of measures of social isolation in the Indian context so that researchers can move forward to develop theories on social isolation.

Investigating the consequences of theme park experience through the lenses of self-congruity and flow

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 1181-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiao Fu ◽  
Juhee Kang ◽  
Jeeyeon Jeannie Hahm ◽  
Jessica Wiitala
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Brand Experience ◽  
Theme Park ◽  
Theme Parks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sense Of Time

Purpose This paper aims to propose and test a conceptual model of theme park experiences by investigating the relationships among brand experience, self-congruity, flow and brand-related outcomes. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from guests who had visited a theme park in the past 12 months. Confirmatory factor analysis, consisting of second-order factor analysis and structural equation modeling with the incorporation of alternative model testing, was employed. Findings The findings revealed that theme park customers’ internalization of brand experience influenced their attitudinal and behavioral tendency with regard to the brand through self-congruity and flow. Practical implications This study provides strategies for theme park designers and marketers under pressure to create a desired experiential setting that motivates visitors to engage in activities through various brand stimuli. Well-designed theme parks can create an optimal state of focus and attention, immersing visitors to the extent that they lose their sense of time and place, affecting their attitude and behavior toward the theme park brand. Originality/value Theme parks provide a highly experiential, immersive and personally relevant experience with brand elements. Very few studies have attempted to investigate the consequences of theme park experience from the theoretical perspective of customers’ connection with the brand. This study proposed and validated a conceptual model to capture how theme park experience influenced visitors’ commitment to and active engagement with theme park brands through the mechanisms of self-congruity and flow.

Customer satisfaction with Ijarah financing

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Adeinat ◽  
Naseem Al Rahahleh ◽  
M. Ishaq Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Customer Perceptions ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess customers’ perceptions of Islamic banks (IBs) of customers who have used or intend to use Ijarah service to purchase a car. The study further examines the mediating role of clarity and accuracy (CAA) of service offered between customer perceptions and customer satisfaction. This paper focuses on connecting in quantitative terms customers’ perceptions of IB services to customer satisfaction by providing the first evidence of this relationship in the context of car Ijarah financing. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a model is proposed to assess customers’ perceptions of the Ijarah service used by IBs to finance car purchases. The model connects customers’ perceptions to customer satisfaction with this Shariah-compliant service. The data are drawn from 300 randomly selected customers living in five major cities in Pakistan, and factor analysis and structural equation modeling are used to understand the patterns of correlation/covariance among a set of variables and to evaluate customers’ perceptions of Ijarah financing for car purchases. Findings The results of the study show a significant positive relationship between customers’ perceptions and customer satisfaction. In particular, the CAA of the services provided is a significant predictor of customer satisfaction. This paper finds that CAA is a partial mediator between customers’ perceptions and customer satisfaction. Research limitations/implications As this study is based on only one country and one simple car Ijarah financing product, the results cannot be generalized to the entire industry. Therefore, deeper research is needed in which data from other countries are used and a range of models and approaches are applied to secure knowledge about the multinational and multifactor variations of Ijarah financing. Practical implications In terms of their implications for IBs, the study results provide a basis for the banks to more effectively cater to their customers by improving the services offered in line with customers’ expectations and thereby increasing profitability. This investigation is much needed in academia and industry because the market share for Ijarah financing is growing and competition between IB products and conventional banking products is increasing. Originality/value This study presents the first endeavor to use exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to assess customer satisfaction in Ijarah financing using Pakistani banking clients’ data. This approach is also applicable to various IB financial products and Shariah contracts.

Consumers’ luxury value perception in the Brazilian premium beer market

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Marini Thomé ◽  
Guilherme da Mata Pinho ◽  
Daiane Pereira Fonseca ◽  
Ariel Barros Pirangy Soares
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Value Perception ◽  
Beer Consumption ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the consumers’ luxury value perception in Brazilian premium beer market. Design/methodology/approach Data from a survey of 418 Brazilian consumers were used to test the research model. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of the measurement model, and the structural equation modeling was used to analyze the consumers’ luxury value perception. Findings The analytical results showed that the dimensions of social, individual and functional values featured items with high significance. For the fourth dimension (financial value), just one item presented relevance. Along with it, correlation between dimensions was analyzed. All four dimensions have higher significance and great estimates. Research limitations/implications This research was executed in a single country environment. Practical implications Results suggest that the only significant item to the consumers’ luxury value perception in the dimension of financial value is the higher price of premium beers. Other dimensions are well fit for the premium beer market. Originality/value To present date, marketing literature in the beer issue approaches its consumption as an economic phenomenon. This paper develops a notion that beer consumption can also be approached in a luxury consumption perspective. The framework developed in this paper can assist future researchers to consider consumption of different types and levels of beer, based on luxury value perception.

Performance evaluation of higher education system amid COVID-19: a threat or an opportunity?

Kybernetes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhaskar B. Gardas ◽  
Nima Jafari Navimipour
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Educational Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

PurposeCOVID-19 is moving the world towards a significant number of structural changes, and this pandemic is influencing each individual, society and industry at large. The present empirical research intends to identify the constructs (latent variables) caused mainly due to the outbreak of COVID-19 and analyze their influence on the education system's performance.Design/methodology/approachA pilot study was carried out with 105 responses to gain deeper insights into the factor structure and validate the scale. Then, the exploratory factor analysis was applied to explore five factors. Later on, the confirmatory factor analysis was employed to check the model's unidimensionality, validity and reliability. Finally, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the factors influencing educational performance.FindingsFour hypotheses were tested, out of which two were supported, i.e. “compatibility with online mode” and “new opportunities” were found to influence educational performance significantly.Practical implicationsThis investigation aims to provide vital information to the ministry of human resource development and educationists/academicians to understand the influence of the higher education system's factors. Also, it offers some strategies and plans to improve the higher educational systems performance in similar situations.Originality/valueThe previous studies did not identify and analyze the factors that influence the educational system's performance; especially, amid COVID-19 using the exploratory, confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling approach.

Accommodation preferences of the girlfriend getaway market in Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 2748-2770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore ◽  
Girish Prayag
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Women Travelers

Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between self-image of women travelers, accommodation preferences and the post-consumption behaviors of satisfaction and loyalty. Design/methodology/approach Accommodation preferences were measured using multi-items adapted from the literature and multi-phases of qualitative research. Female guests recruited from a resort’s membership database in Malaysia resulted in 540 useable surveys. Data were analyzed using both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Structural equation modeling was used to identify relationships between the various dimensions of accommodation preferences, self-image, satisfaction and loyalty. Findings A significant negative relationship was found between women actual self-image and the dimension of hotel activities. Several significant positive relationships were found between women ideal self-image and various room amenities factors. A significant relationship was also found between overall satisfaction and loyalty of guests. Practical implications The results provide hoteliers with significant insights into women’s accommodation preferences and identify opportunities for the packaging of accommodation attributes as well as promotion of hotel amenities that would appeal to the girlfriend getaway market. Originality/value This study is the first to evaluate significant relationships between self-image and accommodation preferences of women travelers from the girlfriend getaway market in Malaysia.

Confirmatory Analysis of an Organizational Culture Instrument for Corrections

2017 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohan Mei ◽  
Brian Iannacchione ◽  
Mary K. Stohr ◽  
Craig Hemmens ◽  
Marianne Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Employee Turnover ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Job Commitment ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Confirmatory Analysis

Research has determined that organizational culture is related to employee turnover, job commitment, and job satisfaction. Assessment of this culture requires an instrument that befits the type of organization under examination. Using exploratory factor analysis, Stohr and her colleagues were able to demonstrate that the Organizational Culture Instrument (OCI) had a solid reliability and validity profile. The current study reanalyzes these data, using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The findings indicate that there is statistical evidence to claim validation of the OCI and its seven theoretically based dimensions.

scholarly journals The future of youth tourism in Ghana: motives, satisfaction and behavioural intentions

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Preko ◽  
Frederick Doe ◽  
Samuel Ato Dadzie
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Pull Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Behavioural Intentions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Push And Pull

Purpose The study presents the push–pull motives and behavioural intentions of youth tourists and how these provide the foundation for the planning and development of Ghana’s tourism future. Since youth tourism (YT) is regarded as a niche market globally, the purpose of this paper is to identify the prospects of this form of tourism in a developing nation. Design/methodology/approach The study has utilised a convenience sampling approach in gathering data from 557 youth tourists, adapting existing instruments for measuring push–pull motives, satisfaction and behavioural intentions. The reliability and validity of the instruments were established through confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis and Cronbach’s α analyses. Structural equation modelling is used to establish relationships. Findings The results revealed the positive effects of push and pull factors on tourists’ satisfaction as well as the significant influence of tourists’ satisfaction on youth behavioural intentions. However, push factors positively influenced pull factors of youth tourists. Research limitations/implications The conclusion and recommendations of this study might not be congruent with the factors that motivate adults or student tourism, satisfaction and behavioural intentions. Practical implications The findings of the research validate the viability of YT activities and the behavioural intentions for future tourism market in Ghana. Ghana’s tourism sector should design interesting and competitive offers that attract youth tourists and address tourism growth. Originality/value To date, investigation into motives, satisfaction and behavioural intentions of youth tourists as the basis for future tourism development remains a virgin field in Ghana. This study has timely attempted to address this gap.

scholarly journals Dark tourism: motivations and visit intentions of tourists

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Lewis ◽  
Thomas Schrier ◽  
Shuangyu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Dark Tourism ◽  
Adequate Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

PurposeThe overall purpose of this study is to utilize the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in combination with four dark tourism constructs (dark experience, engaging entertainment, unique learning experience, and casual interest) to gain a better understanding of behaviors and intentions of tourists who have visited or plan to visit a dark tourism location.Design/methodology/approachA total of 1,068 useable questionnaires was collected via Qualtrics Panels for analysis purposes. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to verify satisfactory reliability and validity regarding the measurement of model fit. With adequate model fit, structural equation modeling was employed to determine positive and negative relationships between TPB and dark tourism constructs. In all, 11 hypotheses statements were tested within this study.FindingsResults of this study indicate that tourists are curious, interested, and intrigued by dark experiences with paranormal activity, resulting in travel choices made for themselves based on personal beliefs and preferences, with minimal outside influence from others. It was determined that dark experience was the most influential of the dark tourism constructs tested in relationship to attitudes and subjective norm.Research limitations/implicationsThe data collected for this study were collected using Qualtrics Panels with self-reporting participants. The actual destination visited by survey participants was also not factored into the results of this research study.Originality/valueThis study provides a new theoretical research model that merges TPB and dark tourism constructs and established that there is a relationship between TPB constructs and dark tourism.

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