Digital Silk Road will boost China's ICT sector

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small Firms ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Advanced Country ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Environments ◽  
Innovative Capability ◽  
Quality Technology ◽  
Belt And Road

Subject China's Digital Silk Road. Significance The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) originated as a plan to build transport infrastructure across Eurasia and the Indian Ocean rim. However, it has acquired a digital component as policymakers and executives in the telecoms, technology and space sectors jump on the bandwagon and roll out ambitious internationalisation plans. Impacts Cyberattacks could be a problem for the new digital infrastructure given China's poor record in cybersecurity. The innovative capability of Chinese firms and their expertise in working in difficult business environments should not be underestimated. Advanced-country governments and businesses will face increasing competition in Eurasia. China could eventually become a source of high-quality technology standards and regulations with a global impact, like the EU today. E-commerce services will give small firms better access to international markets, bypassing traditional multinational gatekeepers.

BRI and its digital dimension: twists and turns

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Kozłowski
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Digital Version ◽  
Integration Strategy ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Soviet Central Asia

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the perspectives of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Belt and Road strategy. The challenge in terms of studying the New Silk Road concept comes from the fact of dramatic difference between the declared ambitions of the Chinese state and the elusive character of concrete Chinese involvement, in particular as far as the digital dimension of the strategy is concerned. Design/methodology/approach The goal will be achieved by comparing the Chinese expansion in the Post-Soviet Central Asia with nowadays declarations concerning the digital version of the New Silk Road. For China, the Post-Soviet Central Asia was the first frontier approached on the basis of genuinely own integration strategy: the New Silk Road Diplomacy, which later evolved into the New Silk Road concept. An overview of Chinese activity in the region tells a lot about its grand strategy of today. Findings To paraphrase T.S. Kuhn, what one sees depends on not only what one is looking at but also what one has learned to notice. The Post-Soviet Central Asia shows the way Beijing thinks about integration. PRC achieved the most by basing on the free rider effect: concentrating on economic expansion, while other Powers provided relative regional security and stability. Originality/value The comparison of the beginnings of the New Silk Diplomacy in the 1990s with the plans of the New Digital Road gives a unique angle to grasp the specific features of the Chinese approach to international integration.

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, and globalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-276
Author(s):  
Jean A. Berlie
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Special Administrative Region ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Administrative Region ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Definition Of

PurposeThis article looks at the differences and similarities between globalization and the role of China on globalization, in particular for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China (HKSAR).Design/methodology/approachThis article is based on research, reading, and interviews on globalization.FindingsChina is promoting the new globalization of the century called Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which is a unique way to boost again the economy of China.Originality/valueStudies of the New Maritime and Land Silk Road of China are rare; in particular, the role of the HKSAR is ignored. Macau also plays a role because it was the first point of globalization in the seventeenth century. China is really a global country, and the Chinese are numerous in all continents. Chinese Internet role is also mentioned. Globalization is a key concept not only for China and Asia but also for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), Africa, and countries in Latin America such as Bolivia and Venezuela. This article looks at the differences and similarities between globalization and the role of China on globalization. The HKSAR and the Greater Bay Area are part of the same country. China is developing the new globalization of the century called, in 2017, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The current definition of Chinese globalization includes land and maritime Silk Road, now the BRI.

EU offers fair dealing in its 'Belt and Road' response

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fair Dealing ◽  
Digital Network ◽  
Transport Connectivity ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Eu

Subject The EU's answer to Belt and Road. Significance A strategy paper called 'Connecting Europe and Asia' is the most detailed exposition to date of the EU's emerging approach towards China's Belt and Road transport infrastructure initiative. It envisages investment in land, sea and air routes, and improved digital network connections, all founded on fair trade, EU market rules and new partnerships with Asian countries. Impacts The EU strategy may encourage states in Eastern Europe to avoid over-reliance on China. In landlocked Central Asia, there is little the EU can offer that outweighs the transport connectivity opportunities offered by China. Russia's response will be important: it may find EU initiatives more attractive than expanding Chinese economic influence.

Paradigm shift; the emergence of arbitral forum shopping in CPEC investment disputes

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-151
Author(s):  
Rao Qasim Idrees ◽  
Rohimi Shapiee ◽  
Haniff Ahamat
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Forum Shopping ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Dispute Resolution Mechanism ◽  
Commercial Disputes

Purpose The phenomena of arbitral forum shopping to resolve a commercial investment dispute is still under development and more complicated in many states. However, for Pakistan, it seems in an evolutionary phase, where the country is struggling hard to adopt the best practice of dispute resolution through forum shopping clauses. This struggle is even more inflated with huge Chinese investment through China Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) projects in Pakistan, which come alongside with commercial investment disputes. For this purpose, the current treaty or contract-based system between China and Pakistan and litigation based domestic civil court structure look obsolete, hence, appear to require reinstatement of forum shopping clauses under concerned treaties or contracts for CPEC investment-related issues. Design/methodology/approach The authors choose a legal research method. The research design is a comparative analysis between CPEC contracts and dispute resolution mechanism between China and Pakistan and also the domestic civil court’s litigation system. This analysis selected by the authors due to inefficient bilateral investment arrangements and efficient resolution of future commercial disputes in CPEC. While the international arbitration system is included in the assessment were particular in the time and space context. The comparison comprises on dispute resolution clauses in free trade agreement (FTA) and bilateral investment treaties (BIT) between China and Pakistan and the system of resolving disputes by CPEC clauses. Findings The authors finds that in the absence of CPEC forum shopping clause under dispute resolution system, Pakistan is highly at risk to lose foreign investors, and therefore, set back the goal of long term economic sustainability in the region. However, China has already made its investment policies safer with establishing three international commercial courts (also referred to as Belt and Road courts), one in Xi’an for the land-based Silk Road Economic Belt, one in Shenzhen for the Maritime Silk Road and one in Beijing that will serve as the headquarters. These courts will be offering litigation, arbitration and mediation services. According to one view, China aims to have all belt and road initiative (BRI) disputes resolved by these courts. This makes Pakistan position more awkward and needs proactive measures, as CPEC investment is based on Pakistan foreign direct investment policies and legal structure. Therefore, it will be complicated and less favourable for Pakistan to deal with such cases under Chinese Courts. Originality/value The paper’s primary contribution is finding that comprehensive analysis of alternative dispute resolution mechanism between China and Pakistan over CPEC investment is inevitable. A socio-legal research combine with an examination of Singapore International Commercial Court functions and mechanism and CPEC plans further contributes to ascertain the best model of the settlement of commercial disputes under investments in Pakistan. This research paper anticipates future economic and legal problems, which Pakistan may encounter.

Bureau de Eventos: internationalization of an emerging country event planning company

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-294
Author(s):  
Vivian Peuker Steinhauser ◽  
Angela da Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
International Markets ◽  
International Expansion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Emerging Country ◽  
Resources And Capabilities ◽  
One Year ◽  
Secondary Information

Theoretical basis The case can be used to examine the resources and capabilities of small firms considering entering international markets. It can also be a vehicle for examining typical barriers that such companies may face and must overcome when expanding abroad: liabilities of smallness, liabilities of foreignness, liabilities of emergingness and liabilities of outsidership. Research methodology The case is based on several interviews with both entrepreneurs over a one-year period and on secondary information from reports and documents. Case overview/synopsis This teaching case presents the trajectory of a Brazilian services company operating in the corporate events planning industry. The case explores the potential for the company’s international expansion, and the vision and engagement of the entrepreneurs, despite several barriers the company needs to overcome. Complexity academic level The case can be used in Entrepreneurship and International Marketing courses, both at graduate and undergraduate levels. It can also be used in training seminars for executives of tourism and events planning companies, and for employees of export promotion agencies.

scholarly journals Game Theory-Based Pathway Selection for Fair and Reciprocal Cooperation among Ports along the Maritime Silk Road

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Feng ◽  
Longfang Liu ◽  
He Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Silk Road Economic Belt ◽  
Belt And Road

The transport infrastructure connection is the fundamental base for the promotion of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road under the background of the Belt and Road Initiative. Ports, as the core elements in the connection, contribute to the practical infrastructure connections along the maritime road. A multihierarchical cooperation framework in between the ports and based on the fair and mutual benefit concept is the cornerstone of constructing the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and the engine fuelling the updation of Chinese seaports and growth. This paper first defines the port cooperation along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and analyses the opportunity and challenges from the perspectives of the port-industrial and the port-region interaction. Then, it develops research into port cooperation, path selection, cooperation mechanisms, and application conditions in analysing port FDI, BOT, port alliances, multimode transport, and the institutional innovation of China’s ports. In conclusion, we develop a game theory selection analysis to study multiwin cooperation for port FDI in host countries along the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.

Internationalization to survive; the case of renewable energy companies in Spain

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Meysam Zolfaghari Ejlal Manesh ◽  
Alex Rialp-Criado
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Sustainable Entrepreneurship ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Energy Companies ◽  
Renewable Energy Industry

Purpose In this study, entrepreneurial internationalization in renewable energy industry as a high-tech and emerging industry was explored. The focus of this study is on firm level factors to understand how and why these companies entered the international markets and what are their challenges and difficulties in this process. To answer these questions, two main streams of literature were used: international entrepreneurship (IE) and sustainable entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach Case study methodology is selected for this research. Because this subject is new and empirical researches in renewable energy industry are scarce, a method to gather research and in-depth data was adopted. Following suggestions by Eisenhardt (1989), a multiple-case design method was used with nine cases of entrepreneurial companies in renewable energy industry from Spain. Findings Results show that in renewable energy industry firms, resources and capabilities such as need for funding and rapid commercialization are key factors that encourage companies to enter the international market. However, having access to the technological knowledge cannot be a compelling reason for internationalization of renewable energy companies from Spain. Moreover, the interaction between the large and small firms is an important factor that facilitates the process of internationalization. Research limitations/implications In this study, the focus was only on firm level factors, whereas other levels of analysis such as entrepreneur, environment, policy scheme and industrial factors need further attention in future studies. Moreover, this study is only limited to Spanish companies, and future studies can be replicated in other context. Practical implications Findings of the study have significant theoretical and empirical implications. First of all, it explains the entrepreneurial internationalization by taking advantage of sustainable entrepreneurship literature. In addition, empirical results of this study are significantly important for entrepreneurs to implement effective internationalization strategy to survive. Findings of this study can help policy makers for designing a supportive scheme for further development of this industry in the international markets. Originality/value This paper explores the entrepreneurial internationalization of renewable energy companies as an emerging industry by taking advantage of two streams of literature: international entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship. The results show the phenomenon of early internationalization in pre-commercialization phase. These findings put emphasis on interaction between large and small firms in process of internationalization in this specific industry.

Prospects for Belt and Road in Central Asia in 2018-22

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Silk Road Economic Belt ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Silk Road

Subject Prospects Belt and Road in Central Asia. Significance The Central Asian states are the focus of investment associated with the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB), the westward overland part of Beijing's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The SREB offers them a unique chance to become central transport hubs rather than peripheral, landlocked territories but they are also seeking to build productive and export capacity through Chinese investment.

scholarly journals Cyfrowy Jedwabny Szlak i wzrastające znaczenie Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej w rywalizacji o technologiczne przywództwo na świecie

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 116-131
Author(s):  
Paula Tomaszewska
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Digital Silk Road and the growing significance of the People’s Republic of China in the competition over technological supremacy in the world Over the past few years, many scientists have analyzed China’s Belt and Road Initiative, but very few have studied a significant component of this initiative – the Digital Silk Road (DSR). Although the attention regarding the implementation of the Belt and Road initiative is focused mainly on the implementation of international transport infrastructure projects, such as roads, railways or ports, it seems important to pay attention to the technological component of this project. The main goal of the article is to present the most comprehensive information possible on the Digital Silk Road and to investigate Chinese activities in this area. It should be emphasized that the early stage of development, namely the planning of the Belt and Road Initiative, as well as the Digital Silk Road, raises many scientific questions, such as: what is the Digital Silk Road? What actions have been taken to implement it? What challenges and threats can it generate? Will the Digital Silk Road contribute to an even greater exposure – the technological, growing role of China in the world? Undoubtedly, the Digital Silk Road, which is a platform promoting the development of digital connections between the countries participating in the initiative, can help spread Chinese digital “inventions – products.” In addition, it may contribute to facilitating the economic and social development of the countries along the initiative, thus improving the level of economic development of the beneficiary countries and generating new international competitive advantages. The Digital Silk Road is an inherent requirement for building China’s digital power in the world, and therefore a current and very important research area. The work on this article uses desk research on the changing position of the People’s Republic of China in the competition for technological leadership in the world, as well as the consequences it entails.

scholarly journals Role of Kazakhstan in a Belt and Road Initiative project

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
Gabit. A. Iskakov Iskakov ◽  
Zhandos K. Kegenbekov Kegenbekov
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Silk Road Economic Belt ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Relationship

The idea of the New Silk Road project (also Belt and Road Initiative – BRI) was first pitched in 2013 by the President of the People's Republic of China (PRC) Xi Jinping. This project contains the Silk Road Economic Belt as well as the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The main goal of this project is the creation a modern transport infrastructure in Eurasia, in order to optimize shipping of goods between Asia and Europe. Since then, this project was in an active development that involves building and optimization of the transport infrastructure, integration of the project into the economy of the involved countries, signing agreements and deals between the countries and also improving the relationship between PRC and countries-participants of this project. Because this project is considered global and international for Eurasia, Kazakhstan views it as an important for the political and economical state of the country. The geographic position of the country makes it one of the most important participants of the project.  This factor makes it important to identify other reasons behind this idea of Kazakhstan being an important destination of economical investment of PRC. Other important objectives are role and involvement of Kazakhstan in the development of the BRI project. This article reviews the Belt and Road Initiative project, how Kazakhstan is involved in this project and its role in it in the economical, political and logistical areas. The results of the implementation of the project is also present in this article.

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