Optimal design of venture capital financing contracts: the case of Portuguese, Spanish and German markets

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria do Rosario Correia ◽  
Raquel F. Ch Meneses
Keyword(s):  
Venture Capital ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Contract Design ◽  
Control Rights ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Convertible Securities ◽  
Mixed Support ◽  
Capital Financing ◽  
Control Right ◽  
And Control

Purpose This study aims to investigate the use of convertible securities and control rights covenants for a sample of 53 Portuguese, Spanish and German venture capital (VC) firms. Design/methodology/approach A relatively new methodology in business sciences – a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis – that considers both quantitative and qualitative factors is used for obtaining a solution that best fits the empirical data. Findings The results show that the use of convertible securities is affected by agency predictions, namely, the anticipated severity of double-sided moral hazard problems. On the other hand, a mixed support is provided to the agency predictions regarding the use of control right covenants. The results seem to suggest that control right covenants tend to play a different role from convertible securities in the optimization of contract design for VC-backed investments. Originality/value Existing literature on VC contract design is extended by providing a cross-border analysis to VC financing decision.

Deriving successful venture capital deal profile through decision tree analysis in Indian context

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Sarita Mishra ◽  
Dinabandhu Bag
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Venture Capital ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Decision Tree Analysis ◽  
Tree Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Success Model ◽  
Control Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Quantitative Indicators

PurposeThis study is based on the development of predictive classification for the success of a venture capital (VC) deal derived from both qualitative and quantitative indicators.Design/methodology/approachDecision tree analysis has used for devising the success model of VC deal. Various deal characteristics are considered in this study as the observable component of success.FindingsThe finding of this analysis indicates that the success of the deal does not only depend on the final outcome like post company valuation (POST_COMP), realised revenue (RREV) but also depends on various observable contractual characteristics like syndication, use of convertible security and ownership percentage with some noticeable deal features.Practical implicationsThis study increases the further scope of study on a contractual mechanisms such as allocation of cash flow right and control right in the deal contract between venture investor and entrepreneur firm. This could give a better understanding of success path of a venture deal.Originality/valueThis study has attempted to derive a performance model based on observable attributes of a VC deal.

Location Specific Styles and US Venture Capital Contracting

2015 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ola Bengtsson ◽  
S. Abraham Ravid
Keyword(s):  
Venture Capital ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Ceo Compensation ◽  
Contract Design ◽  
Control Rights ◽  
Financial Contracts ◽  
Compensation Contracts ◽  
The Us

This paper shows that several contractual equilibria coexist in the US venture capital (VC) contracts. Our database is larger than that of previous studies and includes 1,804 contracts. Our main finding is that California-based entrepreneurs receive less harsh contract terms. In particular, investors subject to California-based or California style contracts have less downside protection. This “California effect” remains large and significant even after we include all the previously discovered controls which determine contract design. We find a similar effect if the VC is located in California, or if a non-California VC had a large exposure to the California market. We do not find evidence that VCs are substituting cash flow contingencies for control rights or for performance-based CEO compensation contracts. We also document several other new contractual features of VC contracts. In particular, we find that better companies and more experienced VCs receive better contract terms, whereas older companies receive harsher contracts. We also confirm the role of concentration and proximity in financial contracts.

Institutional barriers to venture capital financing: an explorative study for the case of Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-427
Author(s):  
Saeed Shojaei ◽  
Mahmood Motavaseli ◽  
Ali Bitaab ◽  
Hasti Chitsazan ◽  
Ghanbar Mohammadi Elyasi
Keyword(s):  
Venture Capital ◽  
Credit Rating ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Institutional Barriers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Managerial Skills ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Capital Financing ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Investment Process

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the barriers that constrain the venture capital (VC) financing in Iran based on the institutional theory.Design/methodology/approachTo answer the question, “How institutional barriers constrain the VC financing in Iran?”, 31 detailed interviews were conducted, and the interviewed data were analysed by using the grounded theory method.FindingsThere exist several institutional barriers (formal and informal) in different stages of the VC investment process in Iran. Major formal institutional deficiencies include lack of appropriate financial regulations, inefficacy in tax, labour, property rights, financial disclosure, bankruptcy, investor’s protection laws and regulations, lack of credit rating/scoring system, inefficacy in small and medium-sized enterprise-supporting policies and capital market underdevelopment. Moreover, there exist some informal institutional barriers such as culture of capitalism disapproval, culture of secrecy, individualistic customs and weakness of managerial skills that constrain VC activities in Iran.Research limitations/implicationsThe research findings imply that the government’s role should change from “establishment of government-sponsored VC funds” to “enforcement of institutional reforms that lead to an appropriate framework for VC investment”.Originality/valueThis paper has made three key contributions. First, it has provided comprehensive insights into how institutional barriers constrain the VC investment in a developing country. Second, a new stage-wise model is proposed for analysing the VC investment process. Third, existing knowledge about the role of both formal and informal institutions in the VC investment is extended.

Separation of cash flow rights and control rights and debt among Malaysian family firms

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norhidayah Abdullah ◽  
Wee Ching Pok
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Control Rights ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Shareholder Protection ◽  
Cash Flow Rights ◽  
Minority Interests ◽  
And Control ◽  
Debt Policy

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of separation of cash flow rights (CFR) and control rights (CR) and debt policy of Malaysian listed family firms. Design/methodology/approach – The sample of this study consists of 256 observations from companies listed in the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia for the period between year 2005 and 2009. The multivariate ordinary least square regressions have been conducted in order to examine the relationships between separation of CFR and CR and debt. Findings – The study reveals that the separation of CFR and CR does not lead to the increase of debt policy among Malaysian listed family-owned firms. Thus, the results suggest there is no expropriation of minority interests in Malaysian family-owned firms. The plausible reason is that Malaysia has better investor or shareholder protection laws compared to other emerging markets such as Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. Research limitations/implications – The first limitation is the underestimation of CFR and CR because the affiliated business of unlisted firms and foreign companies are excluded. The second limitation is the presence of 100 percent ownership in firms controlled by family-owned firms or in firms that are controlled by another firms which are under the controlled of family-owned firms, or both, will lead to equal proportion of CFR and CR. Thus, the degree of separation of CFR and CR of such firms are indeterminable. Originality/value – This paper investigates the expropriation of minority interests by Malaysian family-owned firms on which has not been explored.

Does the preference of family board seats allocation influence corporate investment efficiency?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Su ◽  
Xing Liu ◽  
Huan Shao
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Corporate Investment ◽  
Altruistic Behavior ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
Control Rights ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Law System ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the influence of over-allocation and under-allocation of family board seats on the corporate investment efficiency. Design/methodology/approach Based on the perspective of altruistic behavior, this paper theoretically analyzes the relationship between the preference of family board seats allocation and corporate investment efficiency, and designs the research. On this basis, we use STATA14.0 as an analysis tool to empirically test the relationship between the preference of family family board seats allocation and corporate investment efficiency, and consider the impact of different governance scenarios. Findings This study finds that firms with a higher over-allocation degree of family board seats invest more efficiently, evidenced by significantly suppressed over-investment rather than mitigated under-investment. However, we do not find evidence that the higher degree of under-allocation of family board seats contribute to lower corporate investment efficiency. Additionally, this study finds that the positive relationship between the over-allocation degree of family board seats and corporate investment efficiency is more pronounced for firms with higher separation of cash flow rights and control rights, and weaker regional law system environment. Our mechanism discussion shows that the higher over-allocation level of family board seats contributes to the mitigation of agency costs for family firms by reducing the tendency for non-family boards to vote “against board proposals” and the appropriation behavior of the controlling family, and eventually improving corporate investment efficiency. Originality/value This paper examines the relationship between the preference of family board seats allocation and corporate investment efficiency from the perspective of altruistic behavior. Unlike previous studies, this paper distinguishes the governance effects arising from over-allocation and under-allocation of family board seats. Additionally, different governance scenarios are incorporated into the decision-making mechanism of the board of family firms, and the influences of the divergence of cash-flow and control rights and a weaker regional law system on the governance effect of the preference of family board seat allocation are analyzed.

Risk, capabilities, and international venture capital syndication in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1671-1684
Author(s):  
Amir Pezeshkan ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Stav Fainshmidt ◽  
Jing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venture Capital ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Holistic Model ◽  
Firm Capabilities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Local Partner ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Knowledge Depth

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to advance a holistic model of venture capital (VC) firms’ syndication decisions in an emerging economy. When considering syndication with local partners, VC firms consider multiple sources of risk related to firm-specific characteristics (life-cycle, operational and political). In conjunction with these risk factors, they also consider their own capabilities, namely, their knowledge breadth and knowledge depth. Knowledge breadth stems from a VC firm’s network position and knowledge depth is a result of its prior industry expertise. Together, these capabilities have competing impacts on VC firms’ desire to syndicate. From one perspective, VC firm capabilities may help deal with risk such that syndication may not be perceived as necessary. Alternatively, VC firm capabilities may signal attractiveness to a local partner and allow the VC firm to syndicate more easily. Design/methodology/approach Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis is conducted on a sample of 111 US VC firms investing in China between 1993 and 2010. Findings Lower VC firm capabilities are associated with a tendency not to syndicate with a local partner when venture risk factors are low. This pattern may arise because of such VC firms’ relative lack of experience with partnership management or weaker appeal to local partners. Originality/value This study is one of the earliest attempts to develop a neo-configurational perspective within the VC literature and thus contributes to a more nuanced understanding of international VC firms’ strategic behaviour in emerging economies by examining multiple risks and capabilities simultaneously and in conjunction.

Pulse and Progress of Venture Capital Financing in India: An Analytical Study

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-562
Author(s):  
Dr. Devarajappa S
Keyword(s):  
Venture Capital ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Venture Capital Investment ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Capital Financing ◽  
Secondary Information

The Main objective of the paper is to examine the current trends and progress of the venture capital in India and the paper also highlights the concept and stages of financing of venture capital. To meet the aim objective of the study the researcher used secondary sources. The required secondary information has been collected through various articles, reports, magazines’ and websites. To examine the trends of venture capital in India, IVCA (Indian Venture Capital Association) report is used.  For the purpose of examine the data; the statistical tools like Mean, Standard Deviation, Charts and ANOVA, Correlation coefficient have been employed.   The study concludes that, the venture capital investment has been increasing in India and this is the positive indication for the country, to curb the unemployment, economic empowerment of people through maximizing startups in India

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