Energy efficiency of 5G mobile networks with base station sleep modes

Abstract In this paper, a multi-band enabled femtocell base station (FCBS) and user equipment (UE) architecture is proposed in a multi-tier network that consists of small cells, including femtocells and picocells deployed over the coverage of a macrocell for splitting uplink and downlink (UL/DL) as well as control-plane and user-plane (C-/U-plane) for 5G mobile networks. Since splitting is performed at the same FCBS, we define this architecture as the same base station based split architecture (SBSA). For multiple bands, we consider co-channel (CC) microwave and different frequency (DF) 60 GHz millimeter wave (mmWave) bands for FCBSs and UEs with respect to the microwave band used by their over-laid macrocell base station. All femtocells are assumed to be deployed in a 3-dimensional multi-storage building. For CC microwave band, cross-tier CC interference of femtocells with macrocell is avoided using almost blank subframe based enhanced inter-cell interference coordination techniques. The co-existence of CC microwave and DF mmWave bands for SBSA on the same FCBS and UE is first studied to show their performance disparities in terms of system capacity and spectral efficiency in order to provide incentives for employing multiple bands at the same FCBS and UE and identify a suitable band for routing decoupled UL/DL or C-/U-plane traffic. We then present a number of disruptive architectural design alternatives of multi-band enabled SBSA for 5G mobile networks for UL/DL and C-/U-plane splitting, including a disruptive and complete splitting of UL/DL and C-/U-plane as well as a combined UL/DL and C-/U-plane splitting, by exploiting dual connectivity on CC microwave and DF mmWave bands. The outperformances of SBSA in terms of system level capacity, average spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and control-plane overhead traffic capacity in comparison with different base stations based split architecture (DBSA) are shown. Finally, a number of technical and business perspectives as well as key research issues of SBSA are discussed.

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Energy Efficiency in the Cloud Radio Access Network ( C‐RAN ) for 5G Mobile Networks

Optical and Wireless Convergence for 5G Networks ◽

10.1002/9781119491590.ch11 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 225-248

Author(s):

Isiaka Ajewale Alimi ◽

Abdelgader M. Abdalla ◽

Akeem Olapade Mufutau ◽

Fernando Pereira Guiomar ◽

Ifiok Otung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Mobile Networks ◽

Access Network ◽

Radio Access Network ◽

Cloud Radio Access Network ◽

Radio Access ◽

5G Mobile Networks

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5G Downlink Throughput Enhancement by Beams Consolidating at Vacant Traffic

Journal of Communications Software and Systems ◽

10.24138/jcomss.v15i4.690 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Ali Othman Al Janaby

Keyword(s):

Mobile Networks ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Base Station ◽

Throughput Enhancement ◽

Coding Scheme ◽

Simulation Evaluation ◽

Multiple Input ◽

Input Multiple Output ◽

Mimo Technology ◽

5G Mobile Networks

The 3GPP release for 5G (R15) assigns each User Equipment (UE) a radio beam by employing Massive Multi-User MU-Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology. Each beam carries, at the downlink, a data rate according to the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) assigned by the base station (BS). For the limited existence of active UEs and during vacant traffic or standby UEs, the assigned beams will be transmitted, but not to any UE. This paper proposes a new scheme that consolidates vacant beams of inactive UEs, to the adjacent beam of the active UE or UE at the cell edge to duplicate the bandwidth of the new beam. The proposed scheme increases the level of desired modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to a higher scheme and hence enhances the spectral efficiency (SE) of the 5G mobile networks. Specifically, the BS consolidates (combines) multiple radio beams along with the assigned beam during vacant traffic. More than two beams are consolidated in particular to the active UE to increase the bit rate by assigning higher MCS. The simulation evaluation depicted that the performance of beams consolidation provides a gain of 3.5 dB above than the state before beams consolidation. Moreover, more than 40 % improvement in UE throughput is achieved.

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A New Sensing Strategy for 5G Mobile Networks: Towards Spectral and Energy Efficiency Trade off

2016 IEEE 30th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA) ◽

10.1109/aina.2016.11 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Afef Bohli ◽

Ridha Bouallegue

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Mobile Networks ◽

Trade Off ◽

5G Mobile Networks

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Cloud and Fog Computing in 5G Mobile Networks: Emerging advances and applications

10.1049/pbte070e ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Keyword(s):

Mobile Networks ◽

Fog Computing ◽

5G Mobile Networks

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Pre- and post-operam comparison of the energy consumption of a radio base station under energy efficiency actions

Energy and Buildings ◽

10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110772 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 236 ◽

pp. 110772

Author(s):

Carmela Vetromile ◽

Antonio Spagnuolo ◽

Antonio Petraglia ◽

Antonio Masiello ◽

Maria Rosa di Cicco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Base Station

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Estimation of Optimum Rendezvous Point for Mobile Sink (ORP-MS) in WSN

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.17878 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3.12) ◽

pp. 1322 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vrince Vimal ◽

Madhav J Nigam

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Wireless Sensor Network ◽

Sensor Network ◽

High Throughput ◽

Mobile Sink ◽

Base Station ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Cluster Heads ◽

Rendezvous Point ◽

Coverage Holes

Clustering of the sensors in wireless sensor network is done to achieve energy efficiency. The nodes, which are unable to join any cluster, are referred to as isolated nodes and tend to transfer information straight to the base station. It is palpable that isolated nodes and cluster heads communicate with the base station and tend to exhaust their energy leaving behind coverage holes. In this paper, we propose the innovative clustering scheme using mobile sink approach to extend networks lifetime. The proposed (ORP-MS) algorithm is implemented in MATLAB 2017a and the results revealed that the proposed algorithm outdid the existing algorithms in terms networks lifetime and energy efficiency simultaneously achieved high throughput.

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Study of 5G-NR-MIMO Links in the Presence of an Interferer

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10060732 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 732

Author(s):

Avner Elgam ◽

Yael Balal ◽

Yosef Pinhasi

Keyword(s):

Mobile Networks ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Local Area ◽

Maximum Energy ◽

Base Station ◽

Small Cells ◽

Diversity Coding ◽

Shift Keying ◽

Input Multiple Output

Many communication systems are based on the Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) scheme, and Orthogonal Space–time Block Transmit diversity Coding (OSTBC), combined with Maximal Ratio Receive Combining (MRRC), to create an optimal diversity system. A system with optimal diversity fixes and optimizes the channel’s effects under multi-path and Rayleigh fading with maximum energy efficiency; however, the challenge does not end with dealing with the channel destruction of the multi-path impacts. Susceptibility to interference is a significant vulnerability in future wireless mobile networks. The 5th Generation New Radio (5G-NR) technologies bring hundreds of small cells and pieces of User Equipment (UE) per indoor or outdoor local area scenario under a specific Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based station (e-NodeB), or under 5G-NR base-station (g-NodeB). It is necessary to study issues that deal with many interference signals, and smart jammers from advanced communication equipment cause deterioration in the links between the UE, the small cells, and the NodeB. In this paper, we study and present the significant impact and performances of 2×2 Alamouti Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) modulation techniques in the presence of an interferer and a smart jammer. The destructive effects affecting the MIMO array and the advanced diversity technique without closed-loop MIMO are analyzed. The performance is evaluated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) vs. Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR). In addition, we proved the impairment of the orthogonal spectrum assumption mathematically.

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