Characterization of Dielectric Profiles by Using Microwave Delay Time Measurements

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Will ◽  
M. Gerding
Keyword(s):  
Delay Time

A time domain transmission measurement system for dielectric characterizations

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Will ◽  
Michael Gerding ◽  
Christian Schulz ◽  
Christoph Baer ◽  
Thomas Musch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Transmission Measurement ◽  
Multiple Reflections ◽  
Environmental Material ◽  
Cost Efficient

Delay time measurements are a commonly used technique for the characterization of dielectric materials. Especially with regard to the characterization of water–solid mixtures like soil or grain delay time measurements, e.g., time domain reflectometry offers a powerful method. However, the accuracy of reflection measurements is limited due to multiple reflections caused by inhomogenities of the environmental material of the sensor. This contribution deals with an improved sensor design based on time domain transmission (TDT) measurements. Thus, the first received impulse includes the necessary information. Multiple reflections are received at later time steps and their influence on the measurement accuracy is nearly negligible. To improve the performance and the applicability of the designed sensor, a cost–efficient TDT system is designed, which is integrated in the sensor. Additionally, a so-called “concentric reversion coupler” is used, which offers the possibility to perform TDT measurements without the necessity of external measuring ports.

scholarly journals Kinetics of hemoglobin S polymerization and gelation under shear: I. Shape of the viscosity progress curve and dependence of delay time and reaction rate on shear rate and temperature

Blood ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 2420-2428 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Briehl ◽  
P Nikolopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Delay Time ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Exponential Rate ◽  
Clinical Issue ◽  
Hemoglobin S ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Pass Through

Abstract Polymerization and gelation of deoxyhemoglobin S makes red blood cells (RBCs) rigid and is the immediate basis of pathogenesis in sickle cell disease. Hence, characterization of hemoglobin S viscosity and its time- dependent development as RBCs pass through the microvasculature is important in understanding pathogenesis. Because RBCs and the intraerythrocytic milieu in vivo are subject to shear, the shear dependence of polymerization kinetics is also important. In steady- state cone-plate viscometry we find: (1) gelation under shear progresses exponentially with time; (2) shear markedly increases exponential rate and (3) shortens delay time independent of when in the delay time it is applied; (4) shear greatly decreases the temperature dependence of the exponential rate and delay time; (5) simultaneous with its acceleratory effect on polymerization, shear breaks down gel structure. We conclude that shear acts to accelerate gelation by breaking fibers and creating new growing ends, a process that occurs in addition to the homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of new fibers that occurs in the absence of shear. Fibers that break are part of a gel network rather than in free solution. The shear dependence of gelation rates means that the critical clinical issue, whether the delay time is long enough and gelation slow enough to permit deoxygenated cells to pass through the microvasculature before they rigidify, depends on in vivo shear rates as well as on degree of unsaturation and hemoglobin concentration.

Element Characterization of AlZnO by Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Qing Yuan ◽  
Ming Zhou ◽  
Jian Ting Xu
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Energy ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Element Concentration ◽  
Emission Spectra ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Induced Breakdown

We calculate the temperature of excited plasma, found that will be enhanced with pulse energy increased. The delay time and the pulse energy were very important to the LIBS signal and define the -0.5μs was very suitable to this experiment, determined the intensity of emission spectra was linear to the pulse energy when the delay time was fixed. By change the delay time, got the emission of bivalence ionization of Zn was just less than 500ns.At last, we had researched the effect of element concentration and the thickness of film on signal intensity. When the concentration of Al being increased from 2.5% to 5%, the intensity of signal enhanced double. At the same time the content of Zn being decreased from 78% to 76%, the intensity of signal had just no change.

scholarly journals Kinetics of hemoglobin S polymerization and gelation under shear: I. Shape of the viscosity progress curve and dependence of delay time and reaction rate on shear rate and temperature

Blood ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 2420-2428
Author(s):  
RW Briehl ◽  
P Nikolopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Delay Time ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Exponential Rate ◽  
Clinical Issue ◽  
Hemoglobin S ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Pass Through

Polymerization and gelation of deoxyhemoglobin S makes red blood cells (RBCs) rigid and is the immediate basis of pathogenesis in sickle cell disease. Hence, characterization of hemoglobin S viscosity and its time- dependent development as RBCs pass through the microvasculature is important in understanding pathogenesis. Because RBCs and the intraerythrocytic milieu in vivo are subject to shear, the shear dependence of polymerization kinetics is also important. In steady- state cone-plate viscometry we find: (1) gelation under shear progresses exponentially with time; (2) shear markedly increases exponential rate and (3) shortens delay time independent of when in the delay time it is applied; (4) shear greatly decreases the temperature dependence of the exponential rate and delay time; (5) simultaneous with its acceleratory effect on polymerization, shear breaks down gel structure. We conclude that shear acts to accelerate gelation by breaking fibers and creating new growing ends, a process that occurs in addition to the homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of new fibers that occurs in the absence of shear. Fibers that break are part of a gel network rather than in free solution. The shear dependence of gelation rates means that the critical clinical issue, whether the delay time is long enough and gelation slow enough to permit deoxygenated cells to pass through the microvasculature before they rigidify, depends on in vivo shear rates as well as on degree of unsaturation and hemoglobin concentration.

Analysis of indoor air pollution trends and characterization of infiltration delay time using a cross-correlation method

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred D. Eisner ◽  
Jennifer Richmond-Bryant ◽  
Intaek Hahn ◽  
Zora E. Drake-Richman ◽  
Laurie A. Brixey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Correlation Method

Morphological Characterization of Mycobacteriophage R1

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 254-255
Author(s):  
B. L. Soloff ◽  
T. A. Rado
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Complete Lysis ◽  
Lysogenic Culture ◽  
Logarithmic Growth

Mycobacteriophage R1 was originally isolated from a lysogenic culture of M. butyricum. The virus was propagated on a leucine-requiring derivative of M. smegmatis, 607 leu−, isolated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of typestrain ATCC 607. Growth was accomplished in a minimal medium containing glycerol and glucose as carbon source and enriched by the addition of 80 μg/ ml L-leucine. Bacteria in early logarithmic growth phase were infected with virus at a multiplicity of 5, and incubated with aeration for 8 hours. The partially lysed suspension was diluted 1:10 in growth medium and incubated for a further 8 hours. This permitted stationary phase cells to re-enter logarithmic growth and resulted in complete lysis of the culture.

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