Virulence evolution through a latency-transmission trade-off Implications as to the durability of resistance in agriculture

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic M. Hamelin
Keyword(s):  
Trade Off ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Durability Of Resistance

scholarly journals Could the human papillomavirus vaccines drive virulence evolution?

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1798) ◽  
pp. 20141069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Lía Murall ◽  
Chris T. Bauch ◽  
Troy Day
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Oncogene Expression ◽  
Virulence Evolution

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines hold great promise for preventing several cancers caused by HPV infections. Yet little attention has been given to whether HPV could respond evolutionarily to the new selection pressures imposed on it by the novel immunity response created by the vaccine. Here, we present and theoretically validate a mechanism by which the vaccine alters the transmission–recovery trade-off that constrains HPV's virulence such that higher oncogene expression is favoured. With a high oncogene expression strategy, the virus is able to increase its viral load and infected cell population before clearance by the vaccine, thus improving its chances of transmission. This new rapid cell-proliferation strategy is able to circulate between hosts with medium to high turnover rates of sexual partners. We also discuss the importance of better quantifying the duration of challenge infections and the degree to which a vaccinated host can shed virus. The generality of the models presented here suggests a wider applicability of this mechanism, and thus highlights the need to investigate viral oncogenicity from an evolutionary perspective.

Do persistent RNA viruses fit the trade-off hypothesis of virulence evolution?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M Márquez ◽  
Marilyn J Roossinck
Keyword(s):  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Virulence Evolution

scholarly journals Virulence evolution in a virus obeys a trade off

1999 ◽  
Vol 266 (1417) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L. Messenger ◽  
Ian J. Molineux ◽  
J. J. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Trade Off ◽  
Virulence Evolution

scholarly journals Host phenology drives the evolution of intermediate parasite virulence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannelore MacDonald ◽  
Erol Akçay ◽  
Dustin Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Common Factor ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Host Phenology ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

1AbstractMechanistic trade-offs between transmission and virulence are the foundation of current theory on the evolution of parasite virulence. Empirical evidence supporting these trade-offs in natural systems remains elusive, suggesting other factors could drive virulence evolution in the absence of a mechanistic trade-off. Several ecological factors modulate the optimal virulence strategies predicted from mechanistic trade-off models but none have been sufficient to explain the intermediate virulence strategies observed in most natural systems. The timing of seasonal activities, or phenology, is a common factor that influences the types and impact of many ecological interactions but is rarely considered in virulence evolution studies. We develop a mathematical model of a disease system with seasonal host activity to study the evolutionary consequences of host phenology on parasite virulence. Seasonal host activity is sufficient to drive the evolution of intermediate parasite virulence in the absence of traditional mechanistic trade-offs. The optimal virulence strategy is determined by both the duration of the host activity period as well as the variation in the host emergence timing. Parasites with low virulence strategies are favored in environments with long host activity periods and in environments in which all hosts emerge synchronously. These results demonstrate that host phenology may be sufficient, in the absence of mechanistic trade-offs, to select for intermediate optimal virulence strategies in some natural systems.

scholarly journals The three Ts of virulence evolution during zoonotic emergence

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1956) ◽  
pp. 20210900
Author(s):  
Elisa Visher ◽  
Claire Evensen ◽  
Sarah Guth ◽  
Edith Lai ◽  
Marina Norfolk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Considerable Confusion

There is increasing interest in the role that evolution may play in current and future pandemics, but there is often also considerable confusion about the actual evolutionary predictions. This may be, in part, due to a historical separation of evolutionary and medical fields, but there is a large, somewhat nuanced body of evidence-supported theory on the evolution of infectious disease. In this review, we synthesize this evolutionary theory in order to provide a framework for clearer understanding of the key principles. Specifically, we discuss the selection acting on zoonotic pathogens' transmission rates and virulence at spillover and during emergence. We explain how the direction and strength of selection during epidemics of emerging zoonotic disease can be understood by a three Ts framework: trade-offs, transmission, and time scales. Virulence and transmission rate may trade-off, but transmission rate is likely to be favoured by selection early in emergence, particularly if maladapted zoonotic pathogens have ‘no-cost’ transmission rate improving mutations available to them. Additionally, the optimal virulence and transmission rates can shift with the time scale of the epidemic. Predicting pathogen evolution, therefore, depends on understanding both the trade-offs of transmission-improving mutations and the time scales of selection.

scholarly journals The virulence–transmission trade-off in vector-borne plant viruses: a review of (non-)existing studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1548) ◽  
pp. 1907-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Froissart ◽  
J. Doumayrou ◽  
F. Vuillaume ◽  
S. Alizon ◽  
Y. Michalakis
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Natural Isolates ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Viral Accumulation

The adaptive hypothesis invoked to explain why parasites harm their hosts is known as the trade-off hypothesis, which states that increased parasite transmission comes at the cost of shorter infection duration. This correlation arises because both transmission and disease-induced mortality (i.e. virulence) are increasing functions of parasite within-host density. There is, however, a glaring lack of empirical data to support this hypothesis. Here, we review empirical investigations reporting to what extent within-host viral accumulation determines the transmission rate and the virulence of vector-borne plant viruses. Studies suggest that the correlation between within-plant viral accumulation and transmission rate of natural isolates is positive. Unfortunately, results on the correlation between viral accumulation and virulence are very scarce. We found only very few appropriate studies testing such a correlation, themselves limited by the fact that they use symptoms as a proxy for virulence and are based on very few viral genotypes. Overall, the available evidence does not allow us to confirm or refute the existence of a transmission–virulence trade-off for vector-borne plant viruses. We discuss the type of data that should be collected and how theoretical models can help us refine testable predictions of virulence evolution.

A Flow-Preserving Algorithm for the Time-Cost Trade-Off Problem

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suleyman Tufekci
Keyword(s):  
Time Cost ◽  
Trade Off

Dual Goals for Speed and Accuracy on the Same Performance Task

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olive Emil Wetter ◽  
Jürgen Wegge ◽  
Klaus Jonas ◽  
Klaus-Helmut Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Performance Tasks ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
New Finding ◽  
Sternberg Paradigm ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In most work contexts, several performance goals coexist, and conflicts between them and trade-offs can occur. Our paper is the first to contrast a dual goal for speed and accuracy with a single goal for speed on the same task. The Sternberg paradigm (Experiment 1, n = 57) and the d2 test (Experiment 2, n = 19) were used as performance tasks. Speed measures and errors revealed in both experiments that dual as well as single goals increase performance by enhancing memory scanning. However, the single speed goal triggered a speed-accuracy trade-off, favoring speed over accuracy, whereas this was not the case with the dual goal. In difficult trials, dual goals slowed down scanning processes again so that errors could be prevented. This new finding is particularly relevant for security domains, where both aspects have to be managed simultaneously.

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