zoonotic pathogens
Recently Published Documents


TOTAL DOCUMENTS

298
(FIVE YEARS 116)

H-INDEX

29
(FIVE YEARS 6)

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqiong Guo ◽  
Una Ryan ◽  
Yaoyu Feng ◽  
Lihua Xiao

Animal farming has intensified significantly in recent decades, with the emergence of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in industrialized nations. The congregation of susceptible animals in CAFOs can lead to heavy environmental contamination with pathogens, promoting the emergence of hyper-transmissible, and virulent pathogens. As a result, CAFOs have been associated with emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, hepatitis E virus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Streptococcus suis, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptosporidium parvum in farm animals. This has led to increased transmission of zoonotic pathogens in humans and changes in disease patterns in general communities. They are exemplified by the common occurrence of outbreaks of illnesses through direct and indirect contact with farm animals, and wide occurrence of similar serotypes or subtypes in both humans and farm animals in industrialized nations. Therefore, control measures should be developed to slow down the dispersal of zoonotic pathogens associated with CAFOs and prevent the emergence of new pathogens of epidemic and pandemic potential.


Insects ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Osama Elhag ◽  
Yuanpu Zhang ◽  
Xiaopeng Xiao ◽  
Minmin Cai ◽  
Longyu Zheng ◽  
...  

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae are often exposed to organic waste which harbors abundant zoonotic pathogens. We investigated the ability of BSF larvae to inhibit the zoonotic pathogens naturally found in pig manure. The zoonotic pathogens populations were detected by using selective medium during the conversion. Results showed that the viability of the zoonotic pathogens in pig manure was significantly affected. After eight days of conversion, the Coliform populations were undetected, and Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. decreased significantly on the eighth day. Antimicrobial assays of the purified recombinant defensin-like peptide 4 (DLP4) showed that this peptide exhibits inhibitory activity against S. aureus, Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and Escherichia coli in vitro. Bacteria BSF-CL and BSF-F were isolated from the larvae gut, and both inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli, but Salmonella spp. was sensitive to the BSF-CL strain (but not to the BSF-F strain). The results from our experiments indicate that BSF larvae are capable of functionally inhibiting potential zoonotic pathogens in pig manure through a variety of mechanisms including antimicrobial peptides expression and the gut associate microorganisms. This study provides a theoretical basis for further study on the combined mechanism of BSF larvae immunity and its gut microbes against the zoonotic pathogens in pig manure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-643
Author(s):  
Haeseung Lee ◽  
Seung-Hun Lee ◽  
Yu-Ran Lee ◽  
Ha-Young Kim ◽  
Bo-Youn Moon ◽  
...  

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian pathogen. Recently, the equestrian population is increasing in Korea. The horse-related zoonotic pathogens, including E. bieneusi, are concerns of public health. A total of 1,200 horse fecal samples were collected from riding centers and breeding farms in Jeju Island and inland areas. Of the fecal samples 15 (1.3%) were PCR positive for E. bieneusi. Interestingly, all positive samples came from Jeju Island. Diarrhea and infection in foals were related. Two genotypes (horse1, horse2) were identified as possible zoonotic groups requiring continuous monitoring.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2616
Author(s):  
Labrini V. Athanasiou ◽  
Eleni G. Katsogiannou ◽  
Constantina N. Tsokana ◽  
Sofia G. Boutsini ◽  
Marina G. Bisia ◽  
...  

Wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) can be important sentinel species for the presence of zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, we collected blood samples from wild rabbits harvested by hunters during the hunting season 2019–2020 on the island of Lemnos, to determine exposure of wild rabbits to the zoonotic pathogens Leishmania infantum, Toxoplasma gondii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia caballi, as well as aqueous humor to assess its diagnostic performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios. Antibodies against these pathogens were detected by Indirect Immunofluorescence Antibody (IFA) assay. Out of the 72 wild rabbits included in the study, 4.2%, 5.5%, 18% and 9.7% were seropositive to L. infantum, T. gondii, A. phagocytophilum and B. caballi, respectively. Although less frequently, antibodies were also detected in aqueous humor of wild rabbits. The antibody detection in aqueous humor presented 100% specificity but decreased sensitivity compared to serum suggesting that aqueous humor could be successfully used in epidemiological studies to confirm exposure at the population level but has little diagnostic value at the individual level. This is the first report on the seropositivity of wild rabbits to A. phagocytophilum and B. caballi and the detection of antibodies against A. phagocytopylum, L. infantum, T. gondii and B. caballi in the aqueous humor.


Author(s):  
Breno Bezerra Aragão ◽  
Sabrina Cândido Trajano ◽  
Raylson Pereira de Oliveira ◽  
Débora Mirelly Sobral da Silva ◽  
Rafaella Grenfell de Carvalho ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Lerch ◽  
Quirine A ten Bosch ◽  
Maïna L’Azou Jackson ◽  
Alison A Bettis ◽  
Mauro Bernuzzi ◽  
...  

Despite large outbreaks in humans seeming improbable for a number of zoonotic pathogens, several pose a concern due to their epidemiological characteristics and evolutionary potential. To enable effective responses to these pathogens in the event that they undergo future emergence, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations is advancing the development of vaccines for several pathogens prioritized by the World Health Organization. A major challenge in this pursuit is anticipating demand for a vaccine stockpile to support outbreak response. We developed a modeling framework for outbreak response for emerging zoonoses under three reactive vaccination strategies. Annual vaccine regimen requirements for a population-wide strategy ranged from >670,000 (95% prediction interval: 0-3,630,000) for Lassa virus to 1,190,000 (95% PrI: 0-8,480,000) for Rift Valley fever virus, while the regimens required for ring vaccination or targeting healthcare workers (HCWs) were several orders of magnitude lower. For each pathogen and vaccination strategy, reactive vaccination typically prevented fewer than 10% of cases, because of their presently low R0 values. Targeting HCWs had a higher per-regimen impact than population-wide vaccination. Our framework provides a flexible methodology for estimating vaccine stockpile needs and the geographic distribution of demand under a range of outbreak response scenarios.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Nasir Uddin ◽  
Sucharit Basu Neogi ◽  
Sk Shaheenur Islam ◽  
Jannatul Ferdous ◽  
Md. Shahidur Rahman Khan ◽  
...  

Abstract Background The alarming rise in multi-drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., has been threatening the health sector globally. In Bangladesh, despite rapid growth in poultry sector little is known about the potential risks of zoonotic pathogens in homestead duck flocks. The aim of this study was to understand the occurrence, species diversity, and multi-drug resistance in Campylobacter spp., and identify the associated risk factors in duck farms in Bangladesh. Methods The study involved 20 duck farms at 6 sub-districts of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Monthly occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in potential sources at the farms during February-September, 2018, was detected by culture and PCR-based methods. Campylobacter isolates were examined for resistance to different antimicrobials. Risk factors, concerning climatic and environmental disposition, farm management, and anthropogenic practices, of Campylobacter infection were estimated by participatory epidemiological tools. Results Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. was detected in overall 36.90% (155/420) samples, more frequently in drinking water (60%, 30/50), followed by cloacal swab (37.50%, 75/200), egg surface swab (35%, 35/100) and soil of the duck resting places (30%, 15/50) but was not detected in feed samples (n = 20). PCR assays distinguished the majority (61.30%, 95/155) of the isolates as C. coli, while the rest (38.70%, 60/155) were C. jejuni. Notably, 41.7% (25/60) and 31.6% (30/95) strains of C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, were observed to be MDR. The dynamics of Campylobacter spp., distinctly showing higher abundance during summer and late-monsoon, correlated significantly with temperature, humidity, and rainfall, while sunshine hours had a negative influence. Anthropogenic management-related factors, including, inadequate hygiene practices, use of untreated river water, wet duck shed, flock age (1–6 months), and unscrupulous use of antimicrobials were identified to enhance the risk of MDR Campylobacter infection. Conclusion The present study clearly demonstrates that duck farms contribute to the enhanced occurrence and spread of potentially pathogenic and MDR C. coli and C. jejuni strains and the bacterial dynamics are governed by a combined interaction of environmental and anthropogenic factors. A long-term holistic research at the environment-animal-human interface would be integral to divulge health risk reduction approaches tackling the spread of Campylobacter spp. from duck farms.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-344
Author(s):  
Breno Kalyl Freitas Nascimento ◽  
Luciana dos Santos Medeiros ◽  
Leandro dos Santos Machado ◽  
Vânia Maria França Ribeiro

A large proportion of emerging infectious diseases (60.3%) globally are zoonotic pathogens, and of these, 71.8% originate from wild animals. Salmonellosis and psittacosis, diseases caused by Salmonella spp. and Chlamydophila psittaci, respectively, in wild animals are zoonoses with great risks to public health. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. and C. psittaci in parrots domiciled in Rio Branco, Acre. The animals in the study were raised as pets, and selection was performed based on convenience criteria. The birds were manually restrained to collect biological materials. Subsequently, conventional microbiological and biochemical tests were performed to identify Salmonella spp., and polymerase chain reaction analyses were conducted to identify C. psittaci and Salmonella spp. It was not possible to isolate Salmonella spp. and C. psittaci in the sampled birds. However, the presence of these bacteria in parrots cannot be ruled out because intermittent release and diagnostic limitations are widely described in the literature.


Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
John D. Scott ◽  
Risa R. Pesapane

Tick-borne pathogens cause infectious diseases that inflict much societal and financial hardship worldwide. Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, are primary vectors of several epizootic and zoonotic pathogens. The aim sets forth the pathogens and their prevalence. In Ontario and Quebec, 113 I. scapularis ticks were collected from songbirds, mammals, including humans, and by flagging. PCR and DNA sequencing detected five different microorganisms: Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 1 (0.9%); Babesia odocoilei, 17 (15.3%); Babesia microti-like sp., 1 (0.9%); Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl), 29 (26.1%); and Hepatozoon canis, 1 (0.9%). Five coinfections of Bbsl and Babesia odocoilei occurred. Notably, H. canis was documented for the first time in Canada and, at the same time, demonstrates the first transstadial passage of H. canis in I. scapularis. Transstadial passage of Bbsl and B. odocoilei was also witnessed. A novel undescribed piroplasm (Babesia microti-like) was detected. An established population of I. scapularis ticks was detected at Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec. Because songbirds widely disperse I. scapularis larvae and nymphs, exposure in an endemic area is not required to contract tick-borne zoonoses. Based on the diversity of zoonotic pathogens in I. scapularis ticks, clinicians need to be aware that people who are bitten by I. scapularis ticks may require select antimicrobial regimens.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document