Improving energy efficiency of functional units by exploiting their data-dependent latency

This work investigates the dynamic energy efficiency of the parallel execution model of an FPGA and the sequential execution model of a processor, for latency-insensitive applications. We create the temporal implementations (sequential instructions) of the MCNC benchmarks to be executed on a processor that employs a 4LUT as its functional unit. This processor is ~716 times inefficient for dynamic energy than a 4LUT FPGA, mainly due to the large amount of memory (instruction/data) that is required to encode the 4LUT based instructions. The size of the memory (instruction/data) can be reduced by increasing the data-path width and the logic complexity of the ASIC-based functional units of the processor. Particularly, at 64-bit data-path width and when the (instruction/data) memory sizes are reduced to less than ~9% of their corresponding 4LUT-based instructions, the processor with ASIC-based complex functional unit can achieve higher dynamic energy efficiency than the FPGA for MCNC benchmarks.

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Dynamically exploiting frequent operand values for energy efficiency in integer functional units

18th International Conference on VLSI Design held jointly with 4th International Conference on Embedded Systems Design ◽

10.1109/icvd.2005.85 ◽

2005 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

K.R. Gandhi ◽

N.R. Mahapatra

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Functional Units

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Measuring the dynamic energy efficiency of FPGAs over processors

10.32920/ryerson.14653593.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Umair Zafar

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Functional Unit ◽

Parallel Execution ◽

Data Path ◽

Sequential Execution ◽

Memory Instruction ◽

Data Memory ◽

Execution Model ◽

Functional Units ◽

Latency Insensitive

This work investigates the dynamic energy efficiency of the parallel execution model of an FPGA and the sequential execution model of a processor, for latency-insensitive applications. We create the temporal implementations (sequential instructions) of the MCNC benchmarks to be executed on a processor that employs a 4LUT as its functional unit. This processor is ~716 times inefficient for dynamic energy than a 4LUT FPGA, mainly due to the large amount of memory (instruction/data) that is required to encode the 4LUT based instructions. The size of the memory (instruction/data) can be reduced by increasing the data-path width and the logic complexity of the ASIC-based functional units of the processor. Particularly, at 64-bit data-path width and when the (instruction/data) memory sizes are reduced to less than ~9% of their corresponding 4LUT-based instructions, the processor with ASIC-based complex functional unit can achieve higher dynamic energy efficiency than the FPGA for MCNC benchmarks.

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Drying and heating of scrap metal at steelmaking: industrial safety, economics, ecology

Ferrous Metallurgy Bulletin of Scientific Technical and Economic Information ◽

10.32339/0135-5910-2020-12-1253-1258 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (12) ◽

pp. 1353-1258

Author(s):

V. A. Spirin ◽

V. E. Nikol’skii ◽

D. V. Vokhmintsev ◽

A. A. Moiseev ◽

P. G. Smirnov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Steel Production ◽

Scrap Metal ◽

Industrial Safety ◽

Technical Solution ◽

Metal Charge ◽

Basic Task ◽

Scrap Heating ◽

Winter Time

At steel production based on scrap metal utilization, the scrap heating before charging into a melting facility is an important way of energy efficiency increase and ecological parameters improving. In winter time scrap metal charging with ice inclusions into a metal melt can result in a considerable damage of equipment and even accidents. Therefore, scrap preliminary drying is necessary to provide industrial safety. It was shown, that in countries with warm and low-snow climate with no risk of scrap metal icing up during its transportation and storing in the open air, the basic task being solved at the scrap drying is an increase of energy efficiency of steelmaking. InRussiathe scrap metal drying first of all provides the safety of the process and next - energy saving. Existing technologies of scrap metal drying and heating considered, as well as advantages and drawbacks of technical solutions used at Russian steel plants. In winter time during scrap metal heating at conveyers (Consteel process) hot gases penetrate not effectively into its mass, the heat is not enough for evaporation of wetness in the metal charge. At scrap heating by the furnace gases, a problem of dioxines emissions elimination arises. Application of shaft heaters results in high efficiency of scrap heating. However, under conditions of Russian winter the upper scrap layers are not always heated higher 0 °С and after getting into a furnace bath the upper scrap layers cause periodical vapor explosions. The shaft heaters create optimal conditions for dioxines formation, which emit into atmosphere. It was shown, that accounting Russian economic and nature conditions, the metal charge drying and heating in modified charging buckets by the heat of burnt natural gas or other additional fuel is optimal. The proposed technical solution enables to burnt off organic impurities ecologically safely, to melt down ice, to evaporate the wetness in the scrap as well as to heat the charge as enough as the charging logistics enables it. The method was implemented at several Russian steel plants. Technical and economical indices of scrap metal drying in buckets under conditions of EAF-based shop, containing two furnaces ДСП-100, presented.

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Perspectives and Regulation of the Russian Market for Project-based Transactions under the Kyoto Protocol

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2008-10-108-125 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 108-125

Author(s):

K. Zavodov

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Market Mechanism ◽

Point Of View ◽

Market Regulation ◽

Foreign Investments ◽

Russian Market ◽

Increase Energy Efficiency ◽

New Form ◽

Contract Structure ◽

Carbon Fund

Project-based transactions (PBTs) are a market mechanism of attracting foreign investments in order to abate greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency of the country’s enterprises. The article provides a classification and analyzes advantages and drawbacks of PBTs from the point of view of a host country. The main trends and factors determining the dynamics of the PBT market are described. Given that Russia currently lags behind the leaders of the PBT market, an incorporation of a state carbon fund is put forward with an aim of channelling PBTs through it. This paper proposes a form of PBT market regulation by incorporating an option mechanism into the contract structure of a transaction. A comparison of the new form of regulation with the tools that are currently in use in Russia and other countries demonstrates its greater economic efficiency under uncertainty.

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