An Improved GM(1,1) Model of Marketization of Forest Ecological Compensation based on Health-Cultivation Industry

In the context of supply-side structual reform, the marketization of forest ecological compensation is an inevitable requirement under the market economy. The forest health-cultivation industry, which explores the new method to utilize the forestry resources, is a new direction of forestry firms and is the production of supply-side structural reform. From the perspective of forest health-cultivation industry, this essay explores the possibility of the marketization of forest ecological compensation based on forest health-cultivation industry, and predicts the willingness of people to pay for the ecological service by using the original number of tourists in forestry tourism and leisure industry tourism between 2010 and 2015 and adopting the improved GM (1,1) model. The result shows that people’s willingness is increasing. It is predicted that, by 2023, the number of tourists in forestry tourism and leisure industry tourism will reach 8.98 billion. The development of forest health-cultivation industry has introduced the market mechanism for forestry development, which makes up for the deficiency of the existing compensation mechanism characterized by low compensation standards and single channel of funding. The increase of people’s demand for ecological tourism and the boom of forest health-cultivation industry which provide a new opportunity for the marketization and diversification of forest ecological compensation mechanism.

Proposal of Implementation Framework of Cooperative Approaches and Sustainable Development Mechanism

To slow down climate warming and achieve sustainable development, the Paris Agreement attempts to establish cooperative approaches (Article 6.2 in the Paris Agreement) and a sustainable development mechanism (Article 6.4 in the Paris Agreement) for carbon trading. However, deficiencies in implementation exist due to a lack of systematic execution regulations and an integrated management system. To strengthen the effectiveness of the two carbon trading mechanisms for reducing carbon emission, this paper aims to propose an implementation framework of cooperative approaches and a sustainable development mechanism. Based on the international regime theory in global climate change and the nine elements of the market mechanism, the paper makes use of comparative analysis to discuss the type of mechanism, coverage of the system, operational framework, governance framework, and implementation framework of cooperative approaches and a sustainable development mechanism. The main results and conclusions are as follows: (1) Cooperative approaches are considered as project-based and quota-/credit-based carbon market mechanisms. Under cooperative approaches, trading units should be authorized at the international-regional and sub-regional levels. CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3 are the seven types of greenhouse gases that could be traded through cooperative approaches, and they shall be accounted by the unit of CO2-eq. (2) The sustainable development mechanism is considered as an industry-based and credit-based carbon market framework. Under the sustainable development mechanism, trading units should be authorized at the international level. CO2, CH4, N2O, and PFCs can work in the sustainable development mechanism as subject matters. The unit of gases shall be CO2-eq as well. (3) The implementation framework of cooperative approaches ought to follow three stages: project preparation, project submission, and auditing, as well as internationally transferred mitigation outcomes transfer. The implementation framework of the sustainable development mechanism ought to contain three stages: project development and review, project implementation and monitoring, and project acceptance and unit transfer. The authors hope it can work as a guideline for the early implementation stage of the cooperative approaches and sustainable development mechanism to stimulate carbon reduction and further slow climate change.

Public Procurement Concept as A Path Dependence Result

The rationale and conditions for transformation of a coordination mechanism in public procurement in Russia from market to redistribution, based on the quasi-market technology, are outlined. The authors view modernization of the economic framework of public procurement as an outcome of institutionalizing the rational conduct principles under the influence of such factors as public production conditions and path dependence. The paper describes transformation of the main elements of the machinery for financing public procurement associated with changing the institutional management structure towards support for the “best quality at an affordable price” principle. Alternatives of transaction managements in the financing system of supplying products for public needs are reviewed: from centralized planning in the USSR to the mixed economy in the today’s Russia. A comparative analysis based on the typical features of the market mechanism for transaction coordination justifies the quail-market nature of public procurement technologies in the Russian Federation. Arguments are given for procurement technology dynamics as returning to redistributive transaction coordination that facilitates transformation of public procurement from an economic-structure neutral into a proactive mechanism geared to form new economic orders. A sequence of tasks is given in order to execute the procurement concept in terms of institutional methodology as well as the prospects for developing a system of public procurement as a mechanism of proactive budgeting policy under bilateral economic sanctions that means de-liberalization of international economic relations. Public contractual system is a factor that is gradually restoring an ability to play a stabilizing and stimulating role in order to support the growth of national production and innovations by employing the taxpayer’s money to attain the national strategic development goals

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IN UKRAINE: TAX COMPONENT

In the system of regulation of international business, the tax component is of exceptional importance. The development of business is largely dependent on tax policy tools, the actual task of which is to create an optimal tax field in Ukraine, for the development of an open national economic system. The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and practical tax aspects in the international business of Ukraine. Effective level and taxation regime helps to attract foreign capital, develop international business, increase state revenues and increase gross domestic product of the country. The factors hindering the process of investing in our country are considered. The problems, as well as ways of their solution, concerning the tax component of Ukrainian business are analyzed. Detailed attention is focused on some tax aspects, which primarily include: transfer pricing rules, the rule of "thin capitalization", the rules of reporting of international groups of companies by country. Essential characteristics, features and rules of transfer pricing and "thin capitalization" are highlighted. The actions on the BEPS Action Plan are considered, which propose to eliminate the shortcomings of international tax regulation and differences in the national tax legislation of different countries, which promote "concealment" of corporate profits and its artificial transfer to low tax jurisdictions, where companies are no longer engaged in economic activity. The proposals on the improvement of bills that will recognize Ukraine as a cooperating country on taxation issues have been formed. These bills will make it possible to strengthen the economic link between Ukraine and the countries of the CIS and Eastern Europe. Recovering and strengthening these ties is the easiest to date, as each party feels that need. Right now Ukraine is taking measures for their restoration on the basis of an effective market mechanism of economic interaction.

The Standard of Living of the Russian Population: Features of the Dynamics of Interregional Differentiation

The results of the study of the dynamics of some of the main indicators of the standard of living of the population in the federal districts of Russia are presented. The relevance of the article is due to the need to improve the standard of living of the population, reduce the differentiation of socio-economic development of the federal districts of Russia. The purpose of the article is connected with the study and analysis of long-term trends reflecting certain indicators of the standard of living of the population. In the course of the study, the methods of analysis, comparative, regression, and correlation were used. The novelty of the results is determined by the identification of links between indicators and trends that reflect the standard of living of the population and the peculiarities of their inter-regional differentiation. This made it possible to identify groups of federal districts of Russia that have stable patterns of dynamics of indicators of the standard of living of the population. The hypothesis that regions that create large volumes of GRP are able to provide higher living standards of the population has been confirmed, which requires a balance of elements of the functioning of the socio-economic system and a certain perfection of the market mechanism.

Study of Chinese carbon emission trading market mechanism based on the game theory

<p>In order to provide corresponding suggestions for the establishment and development of China's carbon trading market mechanism, the three-party game model of the competent government departments, carbon emission enterprises and third-party verification institution in the initial allocation of carbon emission rights and the rotation bargaining game model in the secondary carbon trading market are solved and analyzed in this paper. The results show that the competent government departments should improve the review efficiency effectively to reduce cost by outsourcing the review work to universities, research institutes and other scientific research units and increasing punishment for the collusion behavior between the carbon emission enterprises and third-party verification institution. At the same time, the competent government departments should adopt the regular regulatory policies to deal with collusion behavior and reduce the sampling proportion to cut cost of government review. The trading center should directly determine transaction price in combination with the forces of buyers and sellers, and make matchmaking trading directly by selecting the qualified buyers and sellers at the secondary carbon trading market in process of bilateral open bidding.</p>

Political Order and Poverty Eradication

Introducing the concept of viability, this study clarifies that the key to solving the poverty problem is to provide external assistance to nonviable residents. The study then proposes a simple model and explains that 1) although private market mechanisms are efficient for economic growth, public market mechanisms mobilizing societal resources are necessary and effective for poverty eradication; and 2) strong state capacity, competent leadership, and high social trust and support will benefit poverty eradication. The concept of viability and the model was further applied to compare the war on poverty in the US and the poverty alleviation plan in China in the following aspects: background and top design, public versus private market mechanism, leadership, social trust, and achievement. In addition, a cross-country investigation was conducted to obtain preliminary empirical evidence. The findings in this study support the concept and the model, which inspired us to provide some discussions.