Computer vision is nowadays a key factor in many manufacturing processes. Among all possible applications like quality control, assembly verification and component tracking, the robot guidance for pick and place operations can assume an important role in increasing the automation level of production lines. While 3D vision systems are now emerging as valid solutions in bin-picking applications, where objects are randomly placed inside a box, 2D vision systems are widely and successfully adopted when objects are placed on a conveyor belt and the robot manipulator can grasp the object by exploiting only the 2D information. On the other hand, there are many real-world applications where the 3rd dimension is required by the picking system. For example, the objects can differ in their height or they can be manually placed in front of the camera without any constraint on the distance between the object and the camera itself. Although a 3D vision system could represent a possible solution, 3D systems are more complex, more expensive and less compact than 2D vision systems. This chapter describes a monocular system useful for picking applications. It can estimate the 3D position of a single marker attached to the target object assuming that the orientation of the object is approximately known.
Low-cost and home-made immersive systems
