Energy and Collision Aware WSN Routing Protocol for Sustainable and Intelligent IoT Applications

Many applications of Internet of Things (IoT) have been implemented based on unreliable wireless or mobile networks like the delay tolerant network (DTN). Therefore, it is an important issue for IoT applications to achieve efficient data transmission in DTN. In order to improve delivery rate and optimize delivery delay with low overhead in DTN for IoT applications, we propose a new routing protocol, called Scheduling-Probabilistic Routing Protocol using History of Encounters and Transitivity (PROPHET). In this protocol, we calculate the delivery predictability according to the encountering frequency among nodes. Two scheduling mechanisms are proposed to extend the traditional PROPHET protocol and improve performance in both storage and transmission in DTN. In order to evaluate the proposed routing protocol, we perform simulations and compare it with other routing protocols in an Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) simulator. The results demonstrate that the proposed Scheduling-PROPHET can achieve better performances in several key aspects compared with the existing protocols.

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Mobility Aware RPL (MARPL): Providing Mobility Support for RPL Protocol

10.5753/sbrc.2019.7361 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Vinícius De Figueiredo Marques ◽

Janine Kniess

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Mobile Node ◽

Node Mobility ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Detection Mechanism ◽

Mobility Support ◽

Packet Delivery ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Overall Performance

Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) is a common type of wireless network in IoT applications. LLN communication patterns usually requires an efficient routing protocol. The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Network (RPL) is considered to be a possible standard routing protocol for LLNs. However, RPL was developed for static networks and node mobility decreases RPL overall performance. These are the purposes of the Mobility Aware RPL (MARPL), presented in this paper. MARPL provides a mobility detection mechanism based on neighbor variability. Performance evaluation results on the Cooja Simulator confirm the effectiveness of MARPL regarding link disconnection prevention, packet delivery rate and fast mobile node topology reconnection with low overhead impact when compared to other protocols.

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DYNASTI—Dynamic Multiple RPL Instances for Multiple IoT Applications in Smart City

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20113130 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (11) ◽

pp. 3130 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sidnei Junior ◽

André Riker ◽

Bruno Silvestre ◽

Waldir Moreira ◽

Antonio Oliveira-Jr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Routing Protocol ◽

Smart Cities ◽

Service Differentiation ◽

Limited Resources ◽

Smart Devices ◽

Traffic Patterns ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Iot Applications ◽

End To End Delay ◽

Traffic Performance

Internet of Things (IoT) is evolving to multi-application scenarios in smart cities, which demand specific traffic patterns and requirements. Multi-applications share resources from a single multi-hop wireless networks, where smart devices collaborate to send collected data over a Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL) emerged as a routing protocol to be used in IoT scenarios where the devices have limited resources. Instances are RPL mechanisms that play a key role in order to support the IoT scenarios with multiple applications, but it is not standardized yet. Although there are related works proposing multiple instances in RPL on the same IoT network, those works still have limitations to support multiple applications. For instance, there is a lack of flexibility and dynamism in management of multiple instances and service differentiation for applications. In this context, the goal of this work is to develop a solution called DYNAmic multiple RPL instanceS for multiple ioT applicatIons (DYNASTI), which provides more dynamism and flexibility by managing multiple instances of RPL. As a result of this, the traffic performance of multiple applications is enhanced through the routing, taking into consideration the distinct requirements of the applications. In addition, DYNASTI enables the support of sporadic applications as well as the coexistence between regular and sporadic applications. DYNASTI achieved results that demonstrate a significant improvement in reducing the number of control messages, which resulted in increased packet received, decreased end-to-end delay, reduced energy consumption, and an improvement in service differentiation to multiple applications.

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RPR: Reliable path routing protocol to mitigate congestion in critical IoT applications

Wireless Networks ◽

10.1007/s11276-021-02805-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

J. Pushpa Mettilsha ◽

M. K. Sandhya ◽

K. Murugan

Keyword(s):

Routing Protocol ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Reliable Path

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CoAR: Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks for IoT Applications

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18113838 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 3838 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Khadak Bhandari ◽

A. Hosen ◽

Gi Cho

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

Monitoring System ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Selection Process ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Detection Mechanism ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Wide Range ◽

Parent Node ◽

Congestion Aware

The IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) was designed to satisfy the requirements of a wide range of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including industrial and environmental monitoring. In most scenarios, different from an ordinary environment, the industrial monitoring system under emergency scenarios needs to not only periodically collect the information from the sensing region, but also respond rapidly to some unusual situations. In the monitoring system, particularly when an event occurs in the sensing region, a surge of data generated by the sensors may lead to congestion at parent node as data packets converge towards the root. Congestion problem degrades the network performance that has an impact on quality of service. To resolve this problem, we propose a congestion-aware routing protocol (CoAR) which utilizes the selection of an alternative parent to alleviate the congestion in the network. The proposed mechanism uses a multi-criteria decision-making approach to select the best alternative parent node within the congestion by combining the multiple routing metrics. Moreover, the neighborhood index is used as the tie-breaking metric during the parent selection process when the routing score is equal. In order to determine the congestion, CoAR adopts the adaptive congestion detection mechanism based on the current queue occupancy and observation of present and past traffic trends. The proposed protocol has been tested and evaluated in different scenarios in comparison with ECRM and RPL. The simulation results show that CoAR is capable of dealing successfully with congestion in LLNs while preserving the required characteristics of the IoT applications.

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