Contact Space Computation of Two-Finger Gravity Based Caging Grasps Security Measure

In this article, we present a simple back-of-the-envelope approach for evaluating whether counterterrorism security measures reduce risk sufficiently to justify their costs. The approach uses only four variables: the consequences of a successful attack, the likelihood of a successful attack, the degree to which the security measure reduces risk, and the cost of the security measure. After measuring the cost of a counterterrorism measure, we explore a range of outcomes for the costs of terrorist attacks and a range of possible estimates for how much risk might be reduced by the measure. Then working from this mix of information and assumptions, we can calculate how many terrorist attacks (and of what size) would need to be averted to justify the cost of the counterterrorism measure in narrow cost–benefit terms. To illustrate this approach, we first apply it to the overall increases in domestic counterterrorism expenditures that have taken place since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and alternatively we apply it to just the FBI's counterterrorism efforts. We then evaluate evidence on the number and size of terrorist attacks that have actually been averted or might have been averted since 9/11.

Download Full-text

Agricultural Diversity and Sustainability: General Features and Bangladeshi Illustrations

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11216004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (21) ◽

pp. 6004 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Clement Tisdell ◽

Mohammad Alauddin ◽

Md. Abdur Rashid Sarker ◽

Md Anwarul Kabir

Keyword(s):

Crop Diversity ◽

Agricultural Sustainability ◽

Agricultural Technologies ◽

Land Sparing ◽

Security Measure ◽

Groundwater Irrigation ◽

Rice Yields ◽

High Yielding Varieties ◽

Agricultural Diversity ◽

Very High

Many scientists have expressed concern that declining agricultural diversity threatens agricultural sustainability. We draw on the available literature to outline and examine mechanisms that reduce agricultural diversity and identify the at-risk attributes of agricultural sustainability. Using a three-pillar concept embodying ecological, social and economic dimensions, this article provides a comprehensive general assessment of the sustainability of agricultural systems. It pays particular attention to consequences for agricultural diversity and sustainability of the increasing dependence of agriculture on the market system and new agricultural technologies. As an illustrative example, it examines changes in the diversity and sustainability of Bangladeshi agriculture by applying a novel index of the diversity of cropping land use, an output decomposition method, and statistical techniques. Crop diversity in Bangladesh is very low and dominated by the cultivation of rice, which now depends very heavily on a limited number of high yielding varieties (HYVs). Higher rice yields in Bangladesh and seasonal changes in rice cultivation have resulted in land sparing, which make room for greater crop diversity. Nevertheless, Bangladesh’s food dependence on its rice output is very high and is critically dependent on groundwater irrigation. We recommend that Bangladesh consider increasing the diversity of its crops as a food security measure and as a hedge against a decline in its agricultural sustainability.

Download Full-text

Equilateral Three-Finger Caging of Polygonal Objects Using Contact Space Search

Springer Proceedings in Advanced Robotics - Algorithmic Foundations of Robotics XII ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-43089-4_28 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 432-447

Author(s):

Hallel A. Bunis ◽

Elon D. Rimon ◽

Thomas F. Allen ◽

Joel W. Burdick

Keyword(s):

Contact Space

Download Full-text

An Ex Ante Evaluation Method for Assessing a Government Enforced Security Measure

The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies ◽

10.7838/jsebs.2015.20.4.241 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 241-256

Author(s):

Woohyun Shim

Keyword(s):

Evaluation Method ◽

Security Measure ◽

Ex Ante

Download Full-text

The right to peaceful enjoyment of property and the security measure of the forfeiture of cash in the jurisprudence of the Serbian Constitutional Court: Certain uncertainty

Pravni zapisi ◽

10.5937/pravzap0-28803 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 620-644

Author(s):

Tamás Korhecz

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Property Rights ◽

Public Interest ◽

Cash Transfer ◽

Constitutional Court ◽

The Public ◽

Cross Border ◽

Security Measure ◽

European Court ◽

The Right

The right to peaceful enjoyment of property is a first-generation human right, protected by the international and domestic law of the highest rank. This is not an absolute right - the European standards of protecting property rights allow possible interferences prescribed by law. The interferences can be made in the public interest but only under the assumption that the proportionality between the public interest and property rights of individuals at stake is established. Forfeiture of undeclared cash the individuals are transferring across state borders, together with imposing fines for a misdemeanor, represent an interference with individuals' property rights. The EU Member States do not share an identical system of sanctions for this petty offense, but there is a tendency of unification related to the monitoring, registering, and sanctioning of undeclared, cross-border, individual cash transfer. The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights has established rather precise criteria for distinguishing permitted from unpermitted interferences in cases of undeclared cross-border cash transfers. The Serbian Constitutional Court has been faced with several constitutional complaints regarding alleged unconstitutionally of the imposed security measure amounting to the forfeiture of undeclared cash physically transferred across the state borders. The Constitutional Court has ruled inconsistently on the matter. Although it has regularly referred to the European Court of Human Rights' relevant decisions, it fails to be consistent in following the Strasbourg Court's rulings. In this article, the author has suggested that the legal certainty principle requires the Constitutional Court to consistently interpret the constitutional rights and be systematic in following Strasbourg. Only in this way, the Constitutional Court can help regular courts effectively to harmonize the interpretation and application of laws with the constitutional and international human rights standards regarding property rights.

Download Full-text

Regional Security Arrangements and Foreign Policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran Case Study: Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Journal of Politics and Law ◽

10.5539/jpl.v9n6p1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Majid Divsalar ◽

Ebrahim Javadi Veshki

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

International System ◽

Regional Security ◽

Islamic Republic ◽

Shanghai Cooperation Organization ◽

Security Measure ◽

Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽

Policy Behavior ◽

Foreign Policy Behavior

In international system scene, interests and strategies for ensuring these interests are among key strategies of powerful countries. Therefore, super powers, organize security in different geographical areas through competition in order to challenge competitors and threaten them. Shanghai cooperation organization (SCO), as the most important security measure, has been developed by influence of competitive atmosphere in international system by help of Russian, China and some other important regional allies in response to transatlantic actions. As a result, this security measure could control peripheral threats in the region. In this regard, Islamic Republic of Iran, has considered emergence of this regional security measure as a serious threat for its national and regional interests and has acted to suppress them in the framework of its defense diplomacy. Considering this, authors try to answer this question that how Shanghai cooperation organization as security measure can influence the foreign policy behavior of Islamic Republic of Iran? By studying and analyzing how and why Shanghai cooperation organization (SOC) around Islamic Republic of Iran and determining foreign policy of super powers in establishing this organization, its effect on the foreign policy behavior of Islamic Republic of Iran is considered.

Download Full-text