scholarly journals Agricultural Diversity and Sustainability: General Features and Bangladeshi Illustrations

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement Tisdell ◽  
Mohammad Alauddin ◽  
Md. Abdur Rashid Sarker ◽  
Md Anwarul Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Crop Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Sustainability ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Land Sparing ◽  
Security Measure ◽  
Groundwater Irrigation ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Agricultural Diversity ◽  
Very High

Many scientists have expressed concern that declining agricultural diversity threatens agricultural sustainability. We draw on the available literature to outline and examine mechanisms that reduce agricultural diversity and identify the at-risk attributes of agricultural sustainability. Using a three-pillar concept embodying ecological, social and economic dimensions, this article provides a comprehensive general assessment of the sustainability of agricultural systems. It pays particular attention to consequences for agricultural diversity and sustainability of the increasing dependence of agriculture on the market system and new agricultural technologies. As an illustrative example, it examines changes in the diversity and sustainability of Bangladeshi agriculture by applying a novel index of the diversity of cropping land use, an output decomposition method, and statistical techniques. Crop diversity in Bangladesh is very low and dominated by the cultivation of rice, which now depends very heavily on a limited number of high yielding varieties (HYVs). Higher rice yields in Bangladesh and seasonal changes in rice cultivation have resulted in land sparing, which make room for greater crop diversity. Nevertheless, Bangladesh’s food dependence on its rice output is very high and is critically dependent on groundwater irrigation. We recommend that Bangladesh consider increasing the diversity of its crops as a food security measure and as a hedge against a decline in its agricultural sustainability.

scholarly journals Influence of meteorological parameters on performance of rainfed cropping systems

MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470
Author(s):  
A. KASHYAPI
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Residual Moisture ◽  
Sunshine Hours ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Very High

Rainfall, its distribution along with distribution of temperature. relative humidity (RH), bright sunshine hours (SSH) suggest the possible growing season and crop performance in a given area.  Field experiments on five economically feasible, sustainable, rainfed crop sequences viz. fallow (i.e. no crop) – rice-lentil,  jute-rice-lentil, direct seeded rice-rice-lentil, mungbean-rice-lentil and sesame-rice-lentil were conducted at Kalyani Farm, W.B., during 1989-91.  Mean monthly meteorological parameters viz. rainfall, potential evapotranspiration (PET), SSH, temperature (max. and min.) and RH (at 0700 and 1400 hrs LMT) were obtained from selected agrometeorological observatories (viz.  Chinsurah,  Haringhata and Barrackpore), adjacent to the Kalyani Farm located in Gangetic alluvial region.  The relative yield performance of crops and sequences as influenced by meteorological parameters were studied.  In Gangetic alluvial region early rain, moderate to high temperature with high RH during April/May resulted in good pre-kharif crop establishment.  Heavy, well distributed precipitation during monsoon months along with moderate temperature and very high RH showed scope for rainfed transplanted kharif rice as the pivot of crop rotation.  Kharif rice yields were high especially after jute or mungbean.  Profile stored residual moisture along with low rainfall, low temperature and high RH during rabi season resulted in good performance of lentil.  Among the five sequences studied, performance of' jute-rice-lentil and mungbean-rice-lentil were the best with sustainable production and net return.

scholarly journals Current Scenario of Breeding Approaches in Rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhel Mehandi ◽  
Anita Yadav ◽  
Ramanuj Maurya ◽  
Sudhakar Prasad Mishra ◽  
Syed Mohd. Quatadah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Molecular Mapping ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Breeding Efficiency ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

Rice is the predominant crop in India and is the staple food in eastern and southern Indian populations. One of the oldest grown crops is rice. The initial discovery of cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) three-line system made it possible to produce hybrids that significantly increase rice yields compared to its inbred counterparts. Further genetic and molecular studies help elucidate the mechanisms involved in CMS male sterility. Additional CMS types were also discovered with similar genetic control from wild sources by interspecific hybridization. In India more than 1200 varieties were released for cultivation suitable different ecosystems and out of them 128 varieties have been contributed from NRRI, Cuttack. A list of these varieties are furnished below with their duration, grain type, yield potential, reaction to major disease and insects grain quality and tolerance to different adverse situations. Recent advances in molecular approaches used in modern rice breeding include molecular marker technology and marker-assisted selection (MAS); molecular mapping of genes and QTLs and production of hybrids and alien introgression lines (AILs). Genomic selection (GS) has been projected as alternative to conventional MAS. GS has huge potential to enhance breeding efficiency by increasing gain per selection per unit time. Due to the adaptation of semi dwarf high yielding varieties, combined with intensive input management practices, the country witnessed an impressive rice production growth in the post-independent period. Rice production was increased four times, productivity three times while the area increase was only one and half times during this period. The projected rice requirement by 2025, in order to keep up with increasing population, is about 130 m.t. The challenge of growing rice production is made more difficult by declining trends in HYV’s yields, decreasing and degrading natural resources such as land and water and a severe labour shortage.

scholarly journals The use of superior varieties to increase rice yields in lowland irrigated of Southeast Sulawesi

2021 ◽  
Vol 306 ◽  
pp. 01045
Author(s):  
Muhammad Alwi Mustaha ◽  
Cipto Nugroho ◽  
Samrin ◽  
Dian Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Rice Yield ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Planting Season ◽  
Experimental Garden

In order to increase national rice production, the Ministry of Agriculture has released some high yielding varieties. The research was aimed to obtain superior rice varieties adapted to irrigated lowland agro-ecosystems of Southeast Sulawesi. In the first planting season, research was carried out in Olo-oloho Village, Uepai sub district and the second season at the Wawotobi Experimental Garden. Eight varieties were tested, i.e. Inpari 31, Inpari 34, Inpari 35, Inpari 38, Inpari 39, Inpari 41, Inpari 42, Inpari 43 and Mekongga. The variables observed were growth, yield and pest and disease dynamics. The results shows that there was variation growth and yield of the tested varieties. The growth and yield also varied depend on the season. In the first planting season, Inpari 34 and Inpari 43 showed better growth than others, but Inpari 31 resulted the highest rice yield (4.83 t/ha). In the second planting season, only Inpari 34 showed consistent growth, but the variety that had showed the highest yield was Inpari 43 (8.13 t/ha).

The Stability of Rice Yields in Sri Lanka

1976 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-368
Author(s):  
P. Ganashan ◽  
W. J. Whittington
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Low Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe stabilities of plant height and yield for rice varieties grown in Sri Lanka were calculated by regression analysis. High yields were produced by both stable and unstable varieties in the wet season, but in the dry season high-yielding varieties tended to be of above-average stability. The yield of the newer, shorter varieties exceeded those of older varieties except at low nitrogen levels, and the new varieties were of above-average stability.

Effect of Seedling Age at Transplanting on Rice in Saline-Sodic Soils of NW India

1977 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Shahi ◽  
P. S. Gill ◽  
Nathu Singh ◽  
I. S. Thind ◽  
M. S. Maskina
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Seedling Age ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Very High

SUMMARYExperiments conducted on saline-sodic soils during 1972 and 1973 showed that delay in transplanting medium-duration dwarf high-yielding varieties like Jaya beyond 20 July caused substantial reductions in grain yield, but there was no depression in yield of such varieties even if 55 day old seedlings were used for transplanting at normal times. Older seedlings gave very high yields compared with younger counterparts at late transplantings. Fifty-five day old seedlings took about two weeks less to mature compared with ones planted when 25 days old.

scholarly journals A review of rice field ostracods (Crustacea) with a checklist of species

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin J. Smith ◽  
Dayou Zhai ◽  
Suktonthip Savatenalinton ◽  
Takahiro Kamiya ◽  
Na Yu
Keyword(s):  
Rice Field ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Field Ecosystem ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Very High ◽  
Ostracod Species

<p class="Standard">Ostracods are very common in rice fields and they can have a significant influence on the rice field ecosystem. They can reach very high densities, often higher than other meiofauna, and their activities can have both positive and negative effects on rice harvests. They directly affect nutrient recycling through excretion, and indirectly by physically disturbing the soil and releasing minerals, thus improving rice growth. On the other hand, ostracods grazing on nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria potentially reduce rice yields. Rice is a primary staple food for over half of the world’s population, and therefore ostracods can have a significant impact on human food supply. The origin of the rice field ostracod fauna is poorly known, but many rice field ostracods are considered invasive, especially in southern Europe, and from rice fields they have the potential to spread to surrounding natural habitats. Despite their invasive potential and ecological effects on the rice field ecosystem, very little is known about the diversity, ecology and impacts of rice field ostracods in many rice-producing countries. One hundred and ninety-two named ostracod species/subspecies have been<em> </em>reported from rice fields in 26 countries and states worldwide in the published literature; for over three-quarters of rice-producing countries, no data are readily available, and for most of the countries that have available data, diversity is clearly under-reported. Most species that have been documented from rice fields belong to the Cyprididae (78%), a family that makes up approximately 43% of the 2500+ non-marine ostracod species. A further six families<em> (Candonidae, Darwinulidae, Entocytheridae, Ilyocyprididae, Limnocytheridae </em>and<em> Notodromadidae) </em>form the remainder of rice field ostracods. Twenty-two percent of the species reported from rice fields are sexually reproducing, 18% have mixed reproduction, but are mostly asexual, and for 60% males are unknown, and are probably entirely asexually reproducing species. This review and checklist of rice field ostracods are presented to facilitate further research on this group in rice field habitats, research that is crucial for food security in many regions.</p>

scholarly journals PENGELOLAAN KEBUN SECARA BERKELANJUTAN PADA MASYARAKAT ARFAK DI KABUPATEN PEGUNUNGAN ARFAK PROPINSI PAPUA BARAT

Agrika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Deny Anjelus Iyai
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Agricultural Sustainability ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
Papua Barat ◽  
Very High

ABSTRAKPegunungan Arfak memiliki kondisi agroekologi penting. Masyarakat Arfak memiliki kearifan dalam bercocok tanam, memiliki hubungan yang dekat dengan kebun. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif melalui observasi dan wawancara dilakukan pada keluarga petani masyarakat Arfak. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan lahan kebun oleh masyarakat Arfak terbatas pada segi pemanfaatan ruang dan sumberdaya lahan. Kondisi lahan curam >60%, rawan banjir dan longsor. Lahan dibuka dengan sistem tebang dan bakar. Kandungan bahan organik umumnya sangat tinggi pada lapisan permukaan, dan menurun sedikit pada lapisan di bawahnya. Masyarakat Arfak sudah mempraktekkan sistem agroforestri kompleks maupun sederhana. Terdapat lima pola aliran energi dalam sistem kebun yang belum dimanfaatkan secara efektif dan efisien. Ditemukan juga lima situasi/kondisi prospek dan konstrain dalam keberlanjutan pertanian di Pegunungan Arfak. Kebun, ternak babi dan serta masyarakat Arfak saling berinteraksi dengan memberikan servis dari dan untuk masing-masing komponen. Kebun mampu membantu petani masyarakat Arfak secara ekonomis, ekologis dan sosiologis. ABSTRACTThe Arfak Mountains have important agroecological conditions. Arfak community have local wisdom in farming, have a close relationship with the garden. Research was conducted  with descriptive methods through observations and interviews conducted on Arfak farming families. The results of the study indicate that the use of garden land by Arfak people is limited in terms of land use and land resources. Steep land conditions is > 60%, prone to flooding and landslides. The land is opened by cutting and burning systems. The content of organic matter is generally very high in the surface layer, and decreases slightly in the layers below. The Arfak community has also used the practices of complex and simple agroforestry. There are five energy flow patterns in the garden system that have not been used effectively and efficiently. Also found are five situations/conditions prospects and constraints in agricultural sustainability in the Arfak Mountains. Farms, pigs and Arfak community interact each other by providing services from and for each component. The gardens are able to help Arfak farmers economically, ecologically and sociologically.

Very High Resolution Analysis of the Dynamics of a Coronal Plasmoid

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 593-596
Author(s):  
O. Bouchard ◽  
S. Koutchmy ◽  
L. November ◽  
J.-C. Vial ◽  
J. B. Zirker
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Small Field ◽  
High Resolution Analysis ◽  
Ccd Observations ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Very High ◽  
Small Field Of View

AbstractWe present the results of the analysis of a movie taken over a small field of view in the intermediate corona at a spatial resolution of 0.5“, a temporal resolution of 1 s and a spectral passband of 7 nm. These CCD observations were made at the prime focus of the 3.6 m aperture CFHT telescope during the 1991 total solar eclipse.

Monte Carlo Algorithms for Moments of Transition Arrays

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 79-81
Author(s):  
A. Goldberg ◽  
S.D. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Basis Vector ◽  
Collective State ◽  
Dispersion Characteristics ◽  
Dipole Strength ◽  
The Third ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithms ◽  
Third Moment ◽  
Very High

AbstractClosed expressions for the first, second, and (in some cases) the third moment of atomic transition arrays now exist. Recently a method has been developed for getting to very high moments (up to the 12th and beyond) in cases where a “collective” state-vector (i.e. a state-vector containing the entire electric dipole strength) can be created from each eigenstate in the parent configuration. Both of these approaches give exact results. Herein we describe astatistical(or Monte Carlo) approach which requires onlyonerepresentative state-vector |RV&gt; for the entire parent manifold to get estimates of transition moments of high order. The representation is achieved through the random amplitudes associated with each basis vector making up |RV&gt;. This also gives rise to the dispersion characterizing the method, which has been applied to a system (in the M shell) with≈250,000 lines where we have calculated up to the 5th moment. It turns out that the dispersion in the moments decreases with the size of the manifold, making its application to very big systems statistically advantageous. A discussion of the method and these dispersion characteristics will be presented.

Decomposition of the metastable beta titanium alloy Ti-15-3

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 264-265
Author(s):  
Y. L. Chen ◽  
S. Fujlshiro
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Alpha Phase ◽  
Thick Sheet ◽  
Omega Phase ◽  
Beta Titanium Alloy ◽  
Beta Titanium ◽  
Beta Matrix ◽  
Metastable Beta ◽  
Very High

Metastable beta titanium alloys have been known to have numerous advantages such as cold formability, high strength, good fracture resistance, deep hardenability, and cost effectiveness. Very high strength is obtainable by precipitation of the hexagonal alpha phase in a bcc beta matrix in these alloys. Precipitation hardening in the metastable beta alloys may also result from the formation of transition phases such as omega phase. Ti-15-3 (Ti-15V- 3Cr-3Al-3Sn) has been developed recently by TIMET and USAF for low cost sheet metal applications. The purpose of the present study was to examine the aging characteristics in this alloy.The composition of the as-received material is: 14.7 V, 3.14 Cr, 3.05 Al, 2.26 Sn, and 0.145 Fe. The beta transus temperature as determined by optical metallographic method was about 770°C. Specimen coupons were prepared from a mill-annealed 1.2 mm thick sheet, and solution treated at 827°C for 2 hr in argon, then water quenched. Aging was also done in argon at temperatures ranging from 316 to 616°C for various times.

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