Unforeseen Shock Hazards Resulting From Code Compliance: A Case Study at an Above-Ground Pipeline Valve Station

The April 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal revealed the relative effectiveness of the Nepal Standard or the national building code (NBC), and irregular compliance with it in different parts of Nepal. Much of the damage to more than half a million residential structures in Nepal may be attributed to the prevalence of owner-built or owner-supervised construction and the lack of owner and builder responsiveness to seismic risk and training in the appropriate means of complying with the NBC. To explain these circumstances, we review the protracted implementation of the NBC and the role played by one organization, the National Society for Earthquake Technology—Nepal (NSET), in the implementation of the NBC. We also share observations on building code compliance made by individuals in Nepal participating in workshops led by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute's 2014 class of Housner Fellows.

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A code-compliance assessment tool for fire prevention measures in educational facilities

International Journal of Emergency Services ◽

10.1108/ijes-06-2020-0030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad H. Salaheldin ◽

Mohammad A. Hassanain ◽

Mohammad B. Hamida ◽

Ahmed M. Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Assessment Tool ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Fire Prevention ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Educational Facilities ◽

Content Type ◽

Record Keeping ◽

Access Road ◽

Code Compliance

PurposeThis research presents the applicable international fire code requirements for educational facilities, in a comprehensive manner, and the findings of a case study to assess the level of compliance with these requirements.Design/methodology/approachA review of literature, fire codes and standards was conducted to identify the various sources of fire hazards in educational facilities and the required prevention measures. Accordingly, a code-compliance worksheet for assessing the fire prevention measures was developed. The worksheet included 34 prevention measures. It was implemented in a pharmacy college building, as a case study, to assess the compliance level with the code requirements. Recommendations were developed to improve the level of fire prevention in the case study facility.FindingsThe implemented worksheet facilitated identifying all the shortcomings in the prevention measures, in a methodological manner. These shortcomings included exceeded travel distance, absence of assembly point, inactive record keeping of fire inspection and maintenance works, deterioration of some extension cords and switches, alteration of some emergency doors, storage of combustibles in some electrical rooms and obstructions of the fire apparatus access road.Practical implicationsThe research provides an assessment tool for fire prevention in educational facilities, which can be used by professionals for a code-compliant inspection. The findings of the case study as an example serve to expand the inspectors' observational significance while reducing subjectivity.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the educational facilities' context of health and safety domain in the literature. The research classifies the required fire prevention measures for an educational facility, according to the international applicable codes and standards. The case study demonstrates an applicable methodology for assessing the fire prevention measures and requirements.

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Code Compliance in Reinforce Concrete Design: A Comparative Study of USA Code (ACI) and Chinese Code (GB)

Advances in Civil Engineering ◽

10.1155/2021/5517332 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Lan Zhang ◽

Hao Hu ◽

Yi Fang ◽

Zhenyu Qiang

Keyword(s):

Design Process ◽

Structural Engineering ◽

Reinforce Concrete ◽

The United States ◽

Business Decision ◽

The Us ◽

Structure Result ◽

Code Compliance ◽

Current Code

The structural engineering codes dictate the design criteria of the facility. Given that different countries use different parameters to design a facility, different codes are followed. Current code comparison focus on the clauses analysis in the code gives theoretical guideline. When the US facility design team needs to make a decision to follow which code to in China, the current study cannot provide a business decision input. This study evaluates the design process to illustrate when and where the codes will be applied and calculated through a design process where the loading and coefficient factors of different codes are analyzed. Software programs built-in codes are then used to design the structure to obtain the structure result in terms of volume of the concrete and weight of the rebar being calculated. The study also presents a case study and calculates that the United States code uses 8–10% more rebar compared to the Chinese code. The study result can be a reference for the project management team who has to make a business decision over which code to be followed at what cost. The paper also identifies the choice of the seismic coefficient factor has a significant impact on the usage of the rebar and might be justified for the future study.

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A code-compliance framework for fire safety in student housing facilities

Facilities ◽

10.1108/f-12-2016-0099 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (7/8) ◽

pp. 423-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohammad A. Hassanain ◽

Jamilu A. Garkuwa ◽

Muizz O. Sanni-Anibire

Keyword(s):

Fire Safety ◽

Student Housing ◽

Ease Of Use ◽

Current Status ◽

Modeling Framework ◽

Content Type ◽

Precautionary Measures ◽

Code Compliance ◽

Housing Facilities

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the development and implementation of a qualitative, code-compliance framework for property managers of student housing facilities. Design/methodology/approach The paper identified the fire safety code requirements for student housing facilities and arranged these requirements in the form of a checklist, which was further validated by professional experts. Additionally, the paper presented an IDEF0 (Integrated Definition for Function Modeling) framework model that illustrates a stepwise process for the deployment of the checklist. A case study was conducted on three similar student housing facilities in a university campus to demonstrate the application of the framework. Furthermore, the findings from the case study were reported along with recommendations to improve the degree of compliance with the requirements of fire safety codes. Findings The developed framework was validated by professional experts and through a case study. Fire safety provisions were mostly found to be adequate in the case study building. The authors proposed several actions to improve the current status of fire safety in the building. Originality/value The paper serves to disseminate awareness about the occurrence of fires, their severe consequences and precautionary measures in student housing facilities. It also provides a standardized checklist for ease of use by property managers who may be unable to understand the technical terminologies found in fire safety codes and standards. Thus, the developed framework is of tangible value to property managers, building specialists and student housing administrators.

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An Integrated Integrity Management Approach to Uprating High Pressure Gas Transmission Pipelines and Above Ground Installations

2004 International Pipeline Conference, Volumes 1, 2, and 3 ◽

10.1115/ipc2004-0604 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Charanjit Jandu ◽

Paul Cousens ◽

Steve Wheat ◽

Neil Bramley

Keyword(s):

Study Data ◽

Management Approach ◽

Fitness For Purpose ◽

Safe Operation ◽

Field Surveys ◽

Detail Design ◽

Integrity Management ◽

Code Compliance ◽

Increased Pressure

Advantica have recently developed an uprating methodology that provides the operator with a logical and auditable justification of safe operation at the increased pressure that can be presented to the regulator for approval. The overall approach can be described by seven distinct phases: • Feasibility study; • Data acquisition, field surveys and assembly; • Stress analysis; • Code compliance checks; • Fitness-for-purpose assessments including Risk & ALARP assessment; • Detail design; • Safety justification submission. The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the above approach detailing the relevant aspects of each phase. Particular emphasis is given to the fitness-for-purpose phase which provides the major contribution to the overall safety justification. A case study is also provided within the paper detailing the application of the approach.

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The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x13009850 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (01) ◽

pp. 102-129

Author(s):

ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽

EUDALD CORTINA ORERO

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

El Salvador ◽

Early Years ◽

Left Wing ◽

Internal Dynamics ◽

Internal Coherence ◽

The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

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Culture and the plasticity of perception

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19002887 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Lifshitz ◽

T. M. Luhrmann

Keyword(s):

Cultural Context ◽

Sensory Experience ◽

Cultural Learning ◽

The World

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.

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Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19000451 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel J. Povinelli ◽

Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽

Shannon L. Kuznar ◽

Mateja Pavlic

Keyword(s):

Temporal Reasoning ◽

Higher Order ◽

Important Case ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Relational Reasoning ◽

Dual Systems ◽

First Order ◽

Reasoning System ◽

Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

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