The Steam Generators (SG), equipment that ensures the connection between the primary and secondary circuits, creates several safety problems during operation, mainly due to corrosion and mechanical damages. To provide information about the corrosion behaviour of the structural materials from CANDU SG under normal and abnormal conditions of operation and to identify the failure types produced by the corrosion were performed corrosion experiments consisting in chemical accelerated tests, static autoclaving and electrochemical methods. The gravimetric method, optical metallographic microscopy, XRD and EDS analysis, as well as electrochemical measurements have been used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the steam generator tubes material (Incoloy-800).
Integral light-water reactor designs propose the use of steam generators located within the reactor vessel. Steam generator tubes in these designs must withstand external pressure loadings to prevent buckling, which is affected by material strength, fabrication techniques, chemical environment and tube geometry. Experience with fired tube boilers has shown that buckling in boiler tubes is greatly alleviated by controlling ovality in bends when the tubes are fabricated. Light water reactor steam generator pressures will not cause a buckling problem in steam generators with reasonable fabrication limits on tube ovality and wall thinning. Utilizing existing Code rules, there is a significant design margin, even for the maximum differential pressure case. With reasonable bend design and fabrication limits the helical steam generator thermodynamic advantages can be realized without a buckling concern. This paper describes a theoretical methodology for determining allowable external pressure for steam generator tubes subject to tube ovality based on ASME Section III Code Case N-759-2 rules. A parametric study of the results of this methodology applied to an elliptical cross section with varying wall thicknesses, tube diameters, and ovality values is also presented.
A new strategy for measurement of brain catecholamines was tested in an animal model. [3H]Norepinephrine was infused intravenously in rabbits to label the peripheral norepinephrine pools. The specific activity of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid was consistently higher than that for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG). Central sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished this difference. Using the formula we propose, it is estimated that 30–50% of urinary MHPG originates from the central nervous system.
Dynamic Simulation of Heat Recovery Steam Generators for Combined Cycle Power Plants (Dynamic Modeling and Characterization Tests of Evaporators)
