The Making of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers: The Impact of Birth Order, Sex, of Siblings, and Father‐Daughter Dynamics

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blema S. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Female Presidents ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Do the dynamics of vaccine programs improve the full immunization of children under the age of five in Cameroon?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigue NDA'CHI DEFFO ◽  
Benjamin FOMBA KAMGA
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Mother’S Age ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Among the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), three were devoted to health. Two amongst which MDG4 in relation to the reduction of infant mortality has not been achieved in Least Developed Countries (LDC). In Africa, a significant part of infant mortality is due to vaccine-preventable diseases administered free of charge by the Extended Program on Immunization (EPI). As such, in the "social equity" pillar of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the MDGs related to health have yet been taken into account. The achievement of these objectives requires an understanding of the immunization behavior of children under five years of age through an analysis of immunization dynamics between 1991 and 2011.Methods: We use data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 carried out by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). The module concerning EPI vaccines was administered to 3350, 2317, 8125 and 25524 under 5 in 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 respectively. The Immunization analysis was made from the logistic model for complete immunization and the Oaxaca's decomposition to assess the contribution of the unexplained part, which is that of the strategies/programs implemented between 1991 and 2011 by the EPI to improve immunization.Results: In general, children with vaccination card are more than 7 times likely to be fully immunized than their counterparts who do not have any. This result was higher in 1991 (approximately 57) and lowest in 2011 (5). In addition, the child's birth order reduces his/her probability of being fully immunized and the impact increases with the latter's birth order. On the other hand, the mother's age as well as her level of education increase the child's likelihood of receiving all basic vaccines. Moreover, the contributions of EPI partners in terms of immunization support as well as strategies to promote immunization through communication for development are of a particular importance in increasing immunization coverage. They significantly explain 67.62% of the 0.105 gain recorded within the 2011-2004 period and 72.46% of the 0.069 gain recorded within the 2004-1998 period.Conclusion: The contribution of EPI partner organizations is fundamental for the achievement of EPI objectives. Since they contribute to increase the likelihood of fully immunized children. The link with child immunization is done through the specific characteristics to the mother.

Descriptive Representation and Regime Support in Latin America

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 890-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl L Madrid ◽  
Matthew Rhodes-Purdy
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Descriptive Representation ◽  
Ethnic Representation ◽  
Female Presidents ◽  
Salient Factor ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Regime Support ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Female President

Does descriptive representation matter? We analyze the impact of descriptive representation on regime support among women and the self-identified indigenous population in Latin America. We find that having a female president does not have a consistent impact on regime support among Latin American women, but that the election of an indigenous president has significantly boosted regime support among indigenous people in Bolivia. We suggest that ethnic representation has had a greater impact than gender representation on regime support in the region for a couple of reasons. First, in Latin America, ethnicity is much more highly correlated than gender with other variables that are known to shape political attitudes, such as class, education, region, and area of residence. Second, ethnicity has been a more salient factor in elections and governing than has gender in those countries that have elected indigenous or female presidents.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Weller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The conclusion first assesses the prime ministers against the criteria set out in the introduction: their longevity, their control over their parties, and their ability to shape the agenda. The first two can provide evidence of those who were successful. Noticeably those who brought their party from opposition to government were those who were likely to flourish. Second, the conclusion explores the difference between the four political systems and the impact they have on the working of the prime ministers. It identifies the variations in cabinet practices and the degree to which cabinet remains a consistent decision-making forum in Australia and New Zealand but less so in Britain and Canada. It concludes by stressing that much of the difference can be explained by the levels of accountability prime ministers have to their parliamentary colleagues, rather than a broader party electorate: a choice between competing principles of party democracy and accountability.

scholarly journals Do the dynamics of vaccine programs improve the full immunization of children under the age of five in Cameroon?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigue Nda’chi Deffo ◽  
Benjamin Fomba Kamga
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Mother’S Age ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Among the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), three were devoted to health. Two amongst which MDG4 in relation to the reduction of infant mortality has not been achieved in Least Developed Countries (LDC). In Africa, a significant part of infant mortality is due to vaccine-preventable diseases administered free of charge by the Extended Program on Immunization (EPI). As such, in the “social equity” pillar of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the MDGs related to health have yet been taken into account. The achievement of these objectives requires an understanding of the immunization behavior of children under 5 years of age through an analysis of immunization dynamics between 1991 and 2011. Methods We use data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 carried out by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS). The module concerning EPI vaccines was administered to 3350, 2317, 8125 and 25,524 under 5 in 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 respectively. The Immunization analysis was made from the logistic model for complete immunization and the Oaxaca’s decomposition to assess the contribution of the unexplained part, which is that of the strategies/programs implemented between 1991 and 2011 by the EPI to improve immunization. Results In general, children with vaccination card are more than 7 times likely to be fully immunized than their counterparts who do not have any. This result was higher in 1991 (approximately 57) and lowest in 2011 (5). In addition, the child’s birth order reduces his/her probability of being fully immunized and the impact increases with the latter’s birth order. On the other hand, the mother’s age as well as her level of education increase the child’s likelihood of receiving all basic vaccines. Moreover, the contributions of EPI partners in terms of immunization support as well as strategies to promote immunization through communication for development are of a particular importance in increasing immunization coverage. They significantly explain 67.62% of the 0.105 gain recorded within the 2011–2004 period and 72.46% of the 0.069 gain recorded within the 2004–1998 period. Conclusion The contribution of EPI partner organizations is fundamental for the achievement of EPI objectives. Since they contribute to increase the likelihood of fully immunized children. The link with child immunization is done through the specific characteristics to the mother.

Illegality and Children’s Power in Families

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
Joanna Dreby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migrant Children ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Migrant Families ◽  
Mexican Migrant ◽  
The Impact

This chapter focuses on how regimes of illegality shape children’s power within families, specifically in their relationships with parents and siblings. It explores how unauthorized migration alters the experiences of three groups of children in Mexican migrant families: children in Mexico whose parents are unauthorized migrants in the United States; child migrants living in the United States, most often unauthorized like their parents; and children born in the United States to unauthorized parents. Drawing on interviews conducted with children in both Mexico and the United States, this chapter emphasizes the impact of gender, age and birth order on children’s experiences of power vis-à-vis their relationships with parents and other family members. A turn toward restrictive immigration policies has magnified the detrimental effects of enhanced enforcement and deportation regimes on families and especially on children and youth. U.S. immigration controls affect migrant and non-migrant children; both those whose parents migrate without them as well as those born to migrant parents in host countries. The specter of illegality within a family changes children’s roles and concrete responsibilities in their families as well as their feelings related to these changes.

Lower Relapse Incidence and Relapse Mortality in Patients Transplanted from a Younger Sibling in HLA-Identical Stem Cell Transplantation: Does Microchimerism Matter?

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 343-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Dobbelstein ◽  
Haytham Kamal ◽  
Elke Dammann ◽  
Eva Mischak-Weissinger ◽  
Michael Stadler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Myeloablative Conditioning ◽  
Myeloid Malignancies ◽  
Fetal Microchimerism ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: There is some evidence that microchimerism plays a role in outcome of HLA-identical stem cell transplantation (SCT). Evaluation of primacy of birth revealed a superior outcome for firstborn patients (Bucher et al. 2007). The underlying mechanism may include pre-existing microchimerism due to fetomaternal and transmaternal sibling cell trafficking. In addition, persistent fetal microchimerism in women may be associated with specific HLA-alleles. Aims: To analyze the impact of relative donor/recipient birth order on outcome of HLA-identical sibling SCT. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed HLA-identical sibling SCT for all consecutive patients with hematological malignancies from 1995 to 2007 at our center. 215 patients were assigned to one of two groups: 102 (47%) and 113 (53%) recipients had an older (D>R) and younger (R>D) donor, respectively. Transplantation related data for age, sex, disease, conditioning regimen, stem cell source, T-cell depletion (TCD), incidence and severity of acute GvHD, relapse incidence (RI), relapse (RM) and non-relapse mortality (NRM) were analyzed. Results: Hematologic malignancies at time of SCT in the D>R and R>D group were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; 19% and 9%), acute myeloid leukemia (AML; 49% and 51%), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; both 3%), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML; 13% and 14%), other myeloproliferative syndrome (MPS; 2% and 3%), and Non-Hodgkinlymphoma (NHL; 14% and 20%), respectively. For all evaluable patients (n=215), RI was 37% in the D>R group and 27% in the R>D group (p=0.09). In unmanipulated SCT without TCD (n=157) RI was significantly reduced with 38% as compared to 23% in the D>R and R>D group (p=0.04). Of 91 patients transplanted with unmanipulated grafts after myeloablative conditioning 42 (46%) and 49 (54%) patients belong to R>D and D>R. In this subgroup RI was 33% and 12%, respectively (p=0.02). In addition, RM also compared favorably for the R>D group: 9% versus 24% (p=0.05) with no difference in NRM in the two groups (37% in D>R versus 33% for the R>D (p=0.73). Patients in the R>D group seemed to experience less aGvHD ≥II°: 21% versus 35%, (p=0.16). RI in patients receiving a SCT with myeloablative conditioning without TCD for myeloid malignancies (AML, MDS, CML, n=65) corresponded to that of the whole cohort with 13% for R>D and 33% for D>R, respectively (p=0.04). Similarly, RM and incidence of aGvHD in the R>D and the D>R group were similar for myeloid malignancies as for the whole cohort of patients transplanted with unmanipulated grafts after myeloablative conditioning. Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis patients with hematological malignancies transplanted from a younger HLA-identical sibling donor have a superior outcome in HLA-identical SCT in terms of relapse incidence and relapse mortality. Multi-center studies for specific diseases are required to establish the impact of donor and recipients birth order on outcome of HLA-identical sibling transplantation.

A Tale of Two Variables: A Review of the Intellectual Consequences of Sibship Size and Birth Order

1985 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lala Carr Steelman
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sibship Size ◽  
Academic Abilities ◽  
Confluence Model ◽  
Academic Consequences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper critiques the literature on the relationship between sibling structure and academic abilities and achievement since Cicirelli’s (1978) earlier commentary on this topic. Assessed is the extent to which the confluence model, a theoretical explanation of the influence of sibling structure, fits the empirical observations made recently on the association between sibship structure and intellectual development. Since the studies reviewed in general tend to refute the confluence model, alternative interpretations of the impact of sibling structure on academic consequences are presented. Implications for future research are also provided.

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