scholarly journals Missed Opportunities and New Risks: Penal Policy in England and Wales in the Past Twenty-Five Years

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Jessica Jacobson ◽  
Mike Hough
Keyword(s):  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Penal Policy ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Past

Bridging the Gap between Political and Penal Legitimacy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Henham
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Value ◽  
The Political ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Social Morality ◽  
Penal Policy ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Sentencing Policy ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter argues that the relationship between penal policy and the political economy provides important insights into the political and institutional reforms required to minimize harsh and discriminatory penal policies. However, the capacity of sentencing policy to engage with this social reality in a meaningful way necessitates a recasting of penal ideology. To realize this objective requires a profound understanding of sentencing’s social value and significance for citizens. The greatest challenge then lies in establishing coherent links between penal ideology and practice to encourage forms of sentencing that are sensitive to changes in social value. The chapter concludes by explaining how the present approach taken by the courts of England and Wales to the sentencing of women exacerbates social exclusion and reinforces existing divisions in social morality. It urges fundamental changes in ideology and practice so that policy reflects a socially valued rationale for the criminalization and punishment of women.

Church Time and Astrological Time in the Waning Middle Ages

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 117-132
Author(s):  
Hilary M. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
Primary Qualities ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Scientific Claims ◽  
To Come

Time, according to medieval theologians and philosophers, was experienced in radically different ways by God and by his creation. Indeed, the obligation to dwell in time, and therefore to have no sure knowledge of what was to come, was seen as one of the primary qualities which marked the post-lapsarian state. When Adam and Eve were cast out of the garden of delights, they entered a world afflicted with the changing of the seasons, in which they were obliged to work and consume themselves with the needs of the present day and the still unknown dangers of the next. Medieval concerns about the use and abuse of time were not merely confined to anxiety about the present, or awareness of seized or missed opportunities in the past. The future was equally worrying, in particular the extent to which this part of time was set aside for God alone, or whether it was permissible to seek to know the future, either through revelation and prophecy, or through science. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the scientific claims of astrology to provide a means to explain the outcome of past and future events, circumventing God’s distant authority, became more and more insistent. This paper begins by examining one skirmish in this larger battle over the control of the future.

Negotiating without the victim state: the exclusiveness of anticorruption settlements

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Capus ◽  
Kei Hannah Brodersen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
International Guidelines ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Settlement Agreements ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Obligation To Inform

Purpose Corporate foreign bribery can have devastating consequences on communities and states. Over the past decade, there have been several promising developments, both national and international, that might increase the chances of victim states to receive remediation for the harm they suffered from foreign bribery. In particular, awareness has risen that victim states must be considered and new innovative items have been added to the toolbox of prosecutors in the fight against corruption that is assumed to also improve victim states’ standing in these procedures. This study aims to assess whether indeed victim states receive compensation through these novel procedures. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the three case studies of Switzerland, France and England and Wales for a comprehensive empirical and normative analysis of settlement agreements between defendants and prosecution authorities and of court jurisprudence. Findings This study shows that although de jure, it seems warranted to order the payment of remedies to victim states within domestic criminal proceedings, in practice, this rarely happens. A number of legal and practical obstacles account for this situation. This study, therefore, calls for the formulation of international guidelines containing the obligation to inform victim states of ongoing criminal proceedings on corporate foreign bribery, and guidance on how to identify the victim of this crime, as well as the damage caused. Originality/value This is the first contribution to verify whether claims that settlement agreements, recently introduced in England and Wales and France (and similar procedures are available in Switzerland), are beneficial for victim states in their quest to receive compensation. As this study shows that this is – not yet – the case in practice, this study proposes solutions that could lead the way for remediation of the harm caused by corporate corruption – and thereby, ultimately, to a more just outcome.

VI.—On the British Earthquakes of 1900

1901 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 358-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Davison
Keyword(s):  
England And Wales ◽  
The Past

During the past year there were only two undoubted earth-quakes in this country. Some may have occurred in Glen Garry, one of our most sensitive regions; but the construction of a new railway through the valley renders it difficult to identify true earthquakes with certainty. The total number of British earth-quakes during the last twelve years thus amounts to 116, of which 46 had epicentres in England and Wales and 70 in Scotland, 42 of the latter number being confined, or almost confined, to Glen Garry.

scholarly journals XIX.—A Preliminary Notice of Five New Species of Iron-Bacteria.

1908 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 338-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ellis
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Iron Bacteria ◽  
The Past

FOR the past two years I have been engaged in the investigation of the iron-water of Scotland, England, and Wales, and altogether have examined over a hundred samples. This publication is a preliminary notice of some new species of iron-bacteria which I have found in the course of this investigation. At present the number of known forms belonging to this class is six. In this paper I wish to outline the main characteristics of five new species, reserving for later papers the detailed accounts of their life-histories.

scholarly journals The Vetting Epidemic in England and Wales

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 478-496
Author(s):  
Chris Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Recruitment Process ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Conservative Government ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
The Media ◽  
Public Reaction ◽  
Key Events ◽  
Voluntary Organisations

This article charts the rise of criminal vetting by employers and voluntary organisations in England and Wales. It examines the historical roots of vetting and its progress from being initially a marginal concern for specialised groups to its position as an integral part of the recruitment process for over 3,000,000 people per annum by 2007. Critical exploration of this shift is provided—key events such as the conservative government consultation of the early 1990s and the incremental implementation of its recommendations are re-evaluated. This article identifies and examines the correlation between the media reporting of, and subsequent public reaction to, a series of high-profile child murders and the response of the legislature and the judiciary to these which lead ultimately to the development of a vetting epidemic in England and Wales by 2007. The role played in this development by vested interests, such as voluntary groups and employers, will be traced and critiqued, along with the missed opportunities for reform which might have prevented the epidemic’s spread.

scholarly journals Learning Lessons From Implementing Enabling Environments Within Prison and Probation: Separating Standards From Process

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-231
Author(s):  
Jason Davies ◽  
Charlotte Pitt ◽  
Aisling O’Meara
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Change Process ◽  
Organization Change ◽  
Organizational Research ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Learning Points

The probation and prison services within England and Wales are undergoing change, which is argued will enhance rehabilitation. One aspect of this change is the introduction of the Enabling Environments (EE) standards into Approved Premises and many prison establishments. This article examines the progress toward this goal across seven sites (four Approved Premises and three prisons), all of which are currently included in a multisite longitudinal study examining the impact of EE. With only one service having gained the award in the past 2 years, the majority of sites are behind the expected schedule with four relaunching the EE program. It is argued that embedding the EE standards should be seen as an organization change process. Drawing on organizational research and learning, this article presents four learning points that might be implemented to overcome the difficulties experienced and assist with realizing the change being promoted.

5. Understanding recent trends in crime

2018 ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
Tim Newburn
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Crime Trends ◽  
World War ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Past ◽  
Victimization Surveys ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Western Democracies

What is happening to crime? Are things getting better or worse, and in what ways? ‘Understanding recent trends in crime’ examines recorded crime trends and data from victimization surveys from America, Canada, England and Wales, and Australia. All four Western democracies display similar patterns: rising crime in the post-war years, hitting a peak somewhere between the late 1980s and late 1990s, then falling steeply for the fifteen‒twenty-five years since. This leaves two big questions: why did crime increase in the early decades after the Second World War; and, why has it been declining in the past fifteen‒twenty-five years? The reasons for the post-war crime explosion are discussed.

scholarly journals ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD ALGORITHM TO IDENTIFY UNDIAGNOSED (PRE)DIABETES: A CASE STUDY FROM HAWAIʻI

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S934-S934
Author(s):  
David Stupplebeen ◽  
Tetine L Sentell ◽  
Lance Ching ◽  
Blythe Nett ◽  
Hermina Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Electronic Medical Records ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Older Men ◽  
State Health ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Department Of Health

Abstract An estimated one-quarter of United States’ older adults (≥65 years) have diabetes (DM) while half have prediabetes (PreDM). Timely diagnosis can prevent disease progression, but significant proportions of PreDM/DM are undiagnosed. Among Hawai‘i adults, one-third of diabetes and two-thirds of prediabetes cases are undiagnosed; rates for older adults are unknown. Algorithms integrated into Electronic Medical Records (EMR) may improve care by identifying probable undiagnosed cases in patient panels using clinical/laboratory measures. We assessed one algorithm developed by the Hawai‘i Department of Health that identified individuals overdue for screening or with Pre/DM using the records of 20,362 adult patients (51.33% were >65) from a major state health system. 6,371 (31.3%) patients were excluded from analysis; they had no HbA1c screening in the past year or were overdue for screening (70%) based on standard guidelines. Of the remaining 13,991 patients, 7317 were older adults; 6130 (84%) had a PreDM (50.6%) or DM (33.2%) HbA1c value; the rest were controlled or false-positive. Of those older adults with probable PreDM/DM, 38.6% were undiagnosed. Adults >65 were significantly more likely to be flagged with undiagnosed PreDM compared to their younger counterparts (58 versus 54%, p<.001). Notably, 61% of older men flagged with PreDM were undiagnosed. Of the 5,737 patients identified with DM, 22% of those 65 were undiagnosed. Given the recognized high burden of diabetes among older adults, results indicate substantial missed opportunities for the prevention and early treatment of this condition as identified by an EMR algorithm.

Infection is associated with one in five childhood deaths in England and Wales: analysis of national death registrations data, 2013–15

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 857-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ferreras-Antolín ◽  
Godwin Oligbu ◽  
Ifeanyichukwu O Okike ◽  
Shamez Ladhani
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Central Nervous System Infections ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Past ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Related Mortality

ObjectiveTo estimate the contribution of infections to childhood deaths in England and Wales over a 3-year period.DesignRetrospective analysis of national electronic death registration data.SettingEngland and Wales.PatientsChildren aged 28 days to 15 years who died during 2013–15.Main outcome measuresThe proportion of children who died of infection compared with total deaths over 3 years; the main pathogens responsible for infection-related deaths in different age groups; comparison with similar data from 2003 to 2005.ResultsThere were 5088 death registrations recorded in children aged 28 days to <15 years in England and Wales during the three calendar years, 2013–2015 (17.6 deaths/100 000 children annually) compared with 6897 (23.9/100 000) during 2003–05 (incidence rate ratios (IRR) 0.74, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.77). During 2013–15, there were 951 (18.7%, 951/5088) infection-related deaths compared with 1368 (19.8%, 1368/6897) during 2003–05, equivalent to an infection-related mortality rate of 3.3/100 000 compared with 4.8/100 000 during the two periods (IRR 0.69, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.75), respectively. An underlying comorbidity was recorded in 55.0% (523/951) of death registrations during 2013–15 and increased with age. Where recorded, respiratory tract infection was the most commonly reported presentation (374/876, 42.7%) during 2013–15. Central nervous system infections accounted for only 4.8% (42/876). Overall, 63.1% (378/599) of infection-related deaths were associated with a bacterial, 34.2% (205/599) with a viral and 2.5% (15/599) with a fungal infection.ConclusionsBeyond the neonatal period, all-cause and infection-related childhood mortality rates have declined by 26% and 31%, respectively, over the past decade. However, infection continues to contribute to one in five childhood deaths.

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