Role of diet and gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis: New findings on the role of high‐salt intake in induction of neuroinflammation

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-151
Author(s):  
Amir Abdoli ◽  
Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi ◽  
Abazar Roustazadeh
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
New Findings

scholarly journals Role of central nervous system aldosterone synthase and mineralocorticoid receptors in salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (4) ◽  
pp. R994-R1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing S. Huang ◽  
Roselyn A. White ◽  
Arco Y. Jeng ◽  
Frans H. H. Leenen
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
High Salt Diet ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Aldosterone Synthase ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor ◽  
The Brain

In Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats, high salt intake increases cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Na+ concentration ([Na+]) and blood pressure (BP). Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker prevents the hypertension. To assess the role of aldosterone locally produced in the brain, we evaluated the effects of chronic central blockade with the aldosterone synthase inhibitor FAD286 and the MR blocker spironolactone on changes in aldosterone and corticosterone content in the hypothalamus and the increase in CSF [Na+] and hypertension induced by high salt intake in Dahl S rats. After 4 wk of high salt intake, plasma aldosterone and corticosterone were not changed, but hypothalamic aldosterone increased by ∼35% and corticosterone tended to increase in Dahl S rats, whereas both steroids decreased by ∼65% in Dahl salt-resistant rats. In Dahl S rats fed the high-salt diet, ICV infusion of FAD286 or spironolactone did not affect the increase in CSF [Na+]. ICV infusion of FAD286 prevented the increase in hypothalamic aldosterone and 30 mmHg of the 50-mmHg BP increase induced by high salt intake. ICV infusion of spironolactone fully prevented the salt-induced hypertension. These results suggest that, in Dahl S rats, high salt intake increases aldosterone synthesis in the hypothalamus and aldosterone acts as the main MR agonist activating central pathways contributing to salt-induced hypertension.

scholarly journals High Salt Intake Augments Excitability of PVN Neurons in Rats: Role of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Store

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Larson ◽  
Andrew D. Chapp ◽  
Le Gui ◽  
Michael J. Huber ◽  
Zixi Jack Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
High Salt Intake

scholarly journals High-salt intake enhances superoxide activity in eNOS knockout mice leading to the development of salt sensitivity

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (3) ◽  
pp. F656-F663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libor Kopkan ◽  
Arthur Hess ◽  
Zuzana Husková ◽  
Luděk Červenka ◽  
L. Gabriel Navar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Sensitivity ◽  
High Salt ◽  
No Production ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Total N ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Excretion Rates ◽  
Salt Sensitive Hypertension

A deficiency in nitric oxide (NO) generation leads to salt-sensitive hypertension, but the role of increased superoxide (O2−) in such salt sensitivity has not been delineated. We examined the hypothesis that an enhancement in O2− activity induced by high-salt (HS) intake under deficient NO production contributes to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension. Endothelial NO synthase knockout (eNOS KO; total n = 64) and wild-type (WT; total n = 58) mice were given diets containing either normal (NS; 0.4%) or high-salt (HS; 4%) for 2 wk. During this period, mice were chronically treated with a O2− scavenger, tempol (400 mg/l), or an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, apocynin (1 g/l), in drinking water or left untreated ( n = 6–8 per group). Blood pressure was measured by radiotelemetry and 24-h urine samples were collected in metabolic cages. Basal mean arterial pressure (MAP) in eNOS KO was higher (125 ± 4 vs. 106 ± 3 mmHg) compared with WT. Feeding HS diet did not alter MAP in WT but increased it in eNOS KO to 166 ± 9 mmHg. Both tempol and apocynin treatment significantly attenuated the MAP response to HS in eNOS KO (134 ± 3 and 139 ± 4 mmHg, respectively). Basal urinary 8-isoprostane excretion rates (UIsoV), a marker for endogenous O2− activity, were similar (2.8 ± 0.2 and 2.4 ± 0.3 ng/day) in both eNOS KO and WT mice. However, HS increased UIsoV more in eNOS KO than in WT (4.6 ± 0.3 vs. 3.8 ± 0.2 ng/day); these were significantly attenuated by both tempol and apocynin treatment. These data indicate that an enhancement in O2− activity contributes substantially to the development of salt-sensitive hypertension under NO-deficient conditions.

scholarly journals High Salt Intake Increases Blood Pressure in Normal Rats: Putative Role of 20-HETE and No Evidence on Changes in Renal Vascular Reactivity

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Walkowska ◽  
M. Kuczeriszka ◽  
J. Sadowski ◽  
K.H. Olszyñski ◽  
L. Dobrowolski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Putative Role ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Renal Vascular

Blunted hypertensive effect of combined fructose and high-salt diet in gene-targeted mice lacking functional serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (4) ◽  
pp. R935-R944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Yang Huang ◽  
Krishna M. Boini ◽  
Björn Friedrich ◽  
Marco Metzger ◽  
Lothar Just ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Urinary Flow Rate ◽  
Urinary Flow ◽  
High Salt Intake

Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK1) is transcriptionally upregulated by mineralocorticoids and activated by insulin. The kinase stimulates the renal epithelial Na+ channel and may thus participate in blood pressure regulation. Hyperinsulinemia is triggered by dietary fructose, which sensitizes blood pressure for salt intake. The role of SGK1 in hypertensive effects of combined fructose and high-salt intake was thus explored in SGK1 knockout mice ( sgk1−/−) and their wild-type littermates ( sgk1+/+). Renal SGK1 transcript levels of sgk1+/+ mice were significantly elevated after fructose diet. Under control diet, fluid intake, urinary flow rate, urinary Na+, K+, and Cl− excretion, and blood pressure were similar in sgk1−/− and sgk1+/+ mice. Addition of 10% fructose to drinking water increased fluid intake and urinary flow rate in both genotypes, and did not significantly alter urinary Na+, K+, and Cl− output in either genotype. Additional high NaCl diet (4% NaCl) did not significantly alter fluid intake and urine volume but markedly increased urinary output of Na+ and Cl−, approaching values significantly ( P < 0.05) larger in sgk1−/− than in sgk1+/+ mice (Na+: 2,572 ± 462 vs. 1,428 ± 236; Cl−: 2,364 ± 388 vs. 1,379 ± 225 μmol/24 h). Blood pressure was similar in sgk1+/+ and sgk1−/− mice at control diet or fructose alone but increased only in sgk1+/+ mice (115 ± 1 vs. 103 ± 0.7 mmHg, P < 0.05) after combined fructose and high-salt intake. Acute intravenous insulin infusion (during glucose clamp) caused antinatriuresis in sgk1+/+ mice, an effect significantly blunted in sgk1−/− mice. The observations reveal a pivotal role of SGK1 in insulin-mediated sodium retention and the salt-sensitizing hypertensive effect of high fructose intake.

scholarly journals Effect of salt intake on afferent arteriolar dilatation: role of connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF)

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (6) ◽  
pp. F1209-F1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Wang ◽  
Cesar A. Romero ◽  
J. X. Masjoan Juncos ◽  
Sumit R. Monu ◽  
Edward L. Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Tubuloglomerular Feedback ◽  
Connecting Tubule ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Simultaneous Inhibition ◽  
Flow Pressure ◽  
Tubular Flow

Afferent arteriole (Af-Art) resistance is modulated by two intrinsic nephron feedbacks: 1) the vasoconstrictor tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mediated by Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporters (NKCC2) in the macula densa and blocked by furosemide and 2) the vasodilator connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF), mediated by epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) in the connecting tubule and blocked by benzamil. High salt intake reduces Af-Art vasoconstrictor ability in Dahl salt-sensitive rats (Dahl SS). Previously, we measured CTGF indirectly, by differences between TGF responses with and without CTGF inhibition. We recently developed a new method to measure CTGF more directly by simultaneously inhibiting NKCC2 and the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE). We hypothesize that in vivo during simultaneous inhibition of NKCC2 and NHE, CTGF causes an Af-Art dilatation revealed by an increase in stop-flow pressure (PSF) in Dahl SS and that is enhanced with a high salt intake. In the presence of furosemide alone, increasing nephron perfusion did not change the PSF in either Dahl salt-resistant rats (Dahl SR) or Dahl SS. When furosemide and an NHE inhibitor, dimethylamiloride, were perfused simultaneously, an increase in tubular flow caused Af-Art dilatation that was demonstrated by an increase in PSF. This increase was greater in Dahl SS [4.5 ± 0.4 (SE) mmHg] than in Dahl SR (2.5 ± 0.3 mmHg; P < 0.01). We confirmed that CTGF causes this vasodilation, since benzamil completely blocked this effect. However, a high salt intake did not augment the Af-Art dilatation. We conclude that during simultaneous inhibition of NKCC2 and NHE in the nephron, CTGF induces Af-Art dilatation and a high salt intake failed to enhance this effect.

scholarly journals Gut Dysbiosis and Western Diet in the Pathogenesis of Essential Arterial Hypertension: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1162
Author(s):  
Maria Paola Canale ◽  
Annalisa Noce ◽  
Manuela Di Lauro ◽  
Giulia Marrone ◽  
Maria Cantelmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
High Salt Intake

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of the most dangerous cardiovascular (CV) risk factors including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, alterations in lipid metabolism and arterial hypertension (AH). In particular, AH plays a key role in the complications associated with metabolic syndrome. High salt intake is a well-known risk factor for AH and CV diseases. Vasoconstriction, impaired vasodilation, extracellular volume expansion, inflammation, and an increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity are the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AH, induced by Western diet. Gut dysbiosis in AH is associated with reduction of short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria: acetate, butyrate and propionate, which activate different pathways, causing vasoconstriction, impaired vasodilation, salt and water retention and a consequent high blood pressure. Moreover, increased trimethylamine N-oxide and lipopolysaccharides trigger chronic inflammation, which contributes to endothelial dysfunction and target organs damage. Additionally, a high salt-intake diet impacts negatively on gut microbiota composition. A bidirectional neuronal pathway determines the “brain–gut” axis, which, in turn, influences blood pressure levels. Then, we discuss the possible adjuvant novel treatments related to gut microbiota modulation for AH control.

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