Ocean seascapes predict distant‐water fishing vessel incursions into exclusive economic zones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. John Woodill ◽  
Maria Kavanaugh ◽  
Michael Harte ◽  
James R. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Fishing Vessel ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Distant Water Fishing

Antarctic fisheries

Polar Record ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 19 (120) ◽  
pp. 233-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inigo Everson
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fishery Resources ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Fish Catch ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Distant Water Fishing ◽  
Underlying Trend

During recent years there has been a steady increase in the total world fish catch (including shellfish) to a plateau, reached in the early 1970's, of around 70 million tonnes. Although much of the increase in the past decade has been due to the Anchoveta fishery, if that component is excluded the underlying trend is still upward (Gulland, 1976). This increasing pressure on the established fishery resources has meant that in recent years there has been a tendency for those nations with a distant water fishing capability to look further afield. Although much of this exploratory fishing has been in areas reasonably close to good harbour facilities, the recent trend by coastal states of establishing 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zones has meant that the Southern Ocean, an area of limited international control, has receiveda great deal of attention.

scholarly journals Why Climate Change and State Subsidies Will Collide to Create Fishery Conflict

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kelman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Iuu Fishing ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Seafood Products ◽  
State Subsidies ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Distant Water Fishing

Climate change, combined with rising global demand for seafood products, will lead to greater conflict over remaining fisheries. Warming and acidifying oceans are shifting the availability of oxygen and nutrients that are necessary to maintain fish stocks. These changes are likely to increase conflict, both interstate and intrastate, in several important ways. For one, the fish stocks that are already under stress from demand for seafood protein are also shifting location. Most significantly, scarcity will likely draw in greater state involvement in fisheries. As traditional fleets exhaust their territorial waters, domestic political pressure will lead to greater state investment in distant water fishing (DWF) fleets to access fish stocks on the high seas and in the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of other states. DWF fleets are destabilizing because they can easily access fishing zones with low levels of enforcement. Their industrial scale and low level of transparency means that they are also more likely to engage in Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities. States are also more likely to intervene militarily to protect their state-support DWF fleets.

The Federated States Of Micronesia Arrangement for Regional Fisheries Access

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-80
Author(s):  
Transform Aqorau ◽  
Anthony Bergin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Federated States Of Micronesia ◽  
Island States ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Small Island States ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Distant Water Fishing

AbstractThe small island states of the South Pacific have been developing innovative legal and administrative mechanisms to manage the vast tuna resource in the exclusive economic zones. These are aimed primarily at controlling and regulating the activities of foreign fishing vessels which account for 90 per cent of the tuna catch taken in the region. The short-term objective of these island states is to control the activities of these foreign fishing vessels. Their long-term goal, however, is to develop their own domestic tuna industries. In 1995, the Federated States of Micronesia Arrangement for Regional Fisheries Access entered into force. This Arrangement establishes a framework for vessels that bring quantifiable economic benefits to be given preferential access to the parties' EEZs. This article reviews the Arrangement and argues that it has the potential to form the basis of a new co-operative relationship between the island states and distant water fishing nations.

The 1970s Crisis in the Taiwanese Fishing Industry

2009 ◽  
pp. 167-186
Author(s):  
Henry T. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Distant Water Fishing ◽  
Trawl Fisheries

This final chapter explores the crisis in the Taiwanese fishing industry that occurred in the 1970s due to the simultaneous manifestation of several major operations problems, some of which were inevitable. Factors included labour shortages; the 1973 energy crisis; Taiwanese diplomatic isolation; business oversights; depletion of fish stock; and financially fragile fishing companies. The chapter concludes by examining this impact of the implementation of the 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) on distant-water fishing in the late 1970s, claiming the environmental conservation efforts of EEZs worked tremendously well but effectively banned Taiwanese trawlers from exploiting fish stocks - the beginning of the end for Kaohsiung trawl fisheries.

scholarly journals Tracking the global reduction of marine traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David March ◽  
Kristian Metcalfe ◽  
Joaquin Tintoré ◽  
Brendan J. Godley
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Western Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Global Impacts ◽  
Economic Zones

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unparalleled global impacts on human mobility. In the ocean, ship-based activities are thought to have been impacted due to severe restrictions on human movements and changes in consumption. Here, we quantify and map global change in marine traffic during the first half of 2020. There were decreases in 70.2% of Exclusive Economic Zones but changes varied spatially and temporally in alignment with confinement measures. Global declines peaked in April, with a reduction in traffic occupancy of 1.4% and decreases found across 54.8% of the sampling units. Passenger vessels presented more marked and longer lasting decreases. A regional assessment in the Western Mediterranean Sea gave further insights regarding the pace of recovery and long-term changes. Our approach provides guidance for large-scale monitoring of the progress and potential effects of COVID-19 on vessel traffic that may subsequently influence the blue economy and ocean health.

Autonomous Technology and Dynamic Obligations: Uncrewed Maritime Vehicles and the Regulation of Maritime Military Surveillance in the Exclusive Economic Zone

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Simon MCKENZIE
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regime ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Maritime Surveillance ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Dynamic Quality ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Environmental Interests ◽  
Autonomous Technology

Abstract The development of uncrewed maritime vehicles [UMVs] has the potential to increase the scale of military maritime surveillance in the exclusive economic zones of foreign coastal states. This paper considers the legal implications of the expanded use of UMVs for this purpose. It shows how features of the legal regime—namely how its application depends on determining the intent of a vessel's operation (to distinguish marine scientific research from military surveillance), as well the obligation to have due regard—have a “dynamic” quality that will pose a challenge to UMVs operated by autonomous technology. The legal obligations will require equipping UMVs with the capacity to communicate something about their identity, the purpose of their mission, and to be able to have some capacity to be responsive to the economic and environmental interests of the coastal state.

Military Activities in the Exclusive Economic Zones of Foreign Coastal States

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritaka Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zone ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
United States Military ◽  
Opposing View ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Stable Order ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Common Understanding

Abstract One disturbing element in an overall stable order built on the Law of the Sea Convention is the disagreement between some States over the use of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of a coastal State by another State for military purposes. While it appears to be generally accepted that military activities in the EEZ of another State are part of “the freedoms . . . of navigation and overflight and other internationally lawful uses of the sea related to these freedoms . . .” under Article 58(1), some States, notably China, hold an opposing view. The disagreement has led to several incidents involving forceful disturbance of activities of United States military vessels and aircraft in and above the EEZ of China. There is an urgent need for the States concerned and the international community to find a common understanding on the issue or some kind of practical arrangement for avoiding further serious incidents.

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