Epidemics and Revolutions: The Case of Iran in the Late Nineteenth‐Century Middle East

Historian ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-790
Author(s):  
Ranin Kazemi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The Coal Heavers of Port Sa'id: State-Making and Worker Protest, 1869–1914

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 110-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Chalcraft
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Indigenous Group ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Automatic Product

The coal heavers of Port Sa'id hold a distinctive place in Middle Eastern labor historiography as the first indigenous group of Egyptian workers to go on strike for higher wages (in 1882 and later). Existing accounts understand these protests in a somewhat objectivist and materialist way as the more or less inevitable outcome of the penetration of an otherwise rather passive Middle East by capitalist relations of production. This article revisits the protests of the coal heavers of Port Sa'id in the light of a rare glimpse of two documents authored by the coal heavers themselves. These documents show that coal heavers' protests were arguably linked to state-making, and were not simply the automatic product of capitalist development. The arrival of “guild” elections, intervention on taxation, regulative change, and reforming discourse operated in part to constitute worker grievance in Port Sa'id by providing a language in which to appeal, a “progressive” code against which to measure unjust contractors and employers, and a newly interventionist referee before which to make claims. Grievance formation was defined and constituted not just within economically defined “relations of production,” but also within a broader context of state-making and reform in late nineteenth-century Egypt.

Mapping the ‘Sports Nahda’

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-40
Author(s):  
Murat C. Yıldız
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter traces the formation of a “sports awakening” in the Middle East during the late nineteenth century until the interwar period. This sports awakening consisted of government and private schools, fashionable sports clubs, a bustling multilingual sports press, and popular football matches and gymnastics exhibitions. The institutional and discursive trajectory of sports was not confined to a specific nation state; rather, it was a regional phenomenon. Educators, sports club administrators, students, club members, editors, columnists, and government officials helped turn sports into a regular fixture of the urban landscape of cities across the Middle East. These developments reveal the profound intellectual and ethnoreligious diversity of the individuals and institutions that shaped the defining contours of sports throughout the Middle East.

Syrian Christians, the Rags-to-Riches Story, and Free Enterprise

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Horatio Alger ◽  
The Military

In the late nineteenth century, when American boys were devouring the success stories of Horatio Alger and cultivating the prescribed virtues of thrift and industry in hopes of jumping from rags to riches overnight, boys on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean were dreaming similar dreams. The Christian boy of the Levant was particularly drawn to such success stories. His decision for a business career was not entirely of his own choosing, for as members of a Christian minority in a Muslim land his ancestors had long been excluded from the most prestigious official careers of the Ottoman Empire–the bureaucracy, the military, and the Muslim religious profession. Since these choice callings were reserved for Muslims, thedhimmî subjects of the Sultan had no choice but to concentrate their energies on banking and trading, shopkeeping and shipping. Making the best of the situation, the indigenous Christian of the Ottoman Empire threw himself into these business careers and sometimes amassed such a fortune that he came to occupy unofficial positions of considerable influence. Often his position as agent and protégé of a European shipping house gave him a decided advantage over Muslim merchants. Increasing the toehold given to it by the Capitulations agreements, Europe made its power increasingly felt in the Middle East during the nineteenth century, and the protégé of a European power could no longer be treated arbitrarily by Ottoman authorities.

SERVANTS, SLAVES, AND THE DOMESTIC ORDER IN THE OTTOMAN MIDDLE EAST

Hawwa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline Zilfi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Domestic Labor ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Setting ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Predominantly Female ◽  
Women's Role

AbstractTo an appreciable degree, female domestic work in the Ottoman Middle East was shaped by organizational and valuative premises that were also common to women outside the Ottoman and Islamic worlds. Ambiguity such as between women's duties and socially recognized "work", or between kin and servant—was a keynote of women's condition regardless of cultural setting. However, in the Middle East, the persistence of slavery into the late nineteenth century as a predominantly female and domestic-labor institution added a distinctive element to the nature of domestic labor and women's role within it.

Juridical Pan-Islam at the Height of Empire

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-257
Author(s):  
Nurfadzilah Yahaya
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract Located at the intersection of four regions, the Middle East, East Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia, Afghanistan is a country whose legal history is sure to be diverse and exciting at the confluence of multiple legal currents. In the book Afghanistan Rising: Islamic Law and Statecraft between the Ottoman and British Empires, Faiz Ahmed shows how Afghanistan could be regarded as a pivot for Islamic intellectual currents from the late nineteenth century onward, especially between the Ottoman Empire and South Asia. Afghanistan Rising makes us aware of our own assumptions of the study of Islamic law that has been artificially carved out during the rise of area studies, including Islamic studies. Ahmed provides a good paradigm for a legal history of a country that was attentive to foreign influences without being overwhelmed by them. While pan-Islamism is often portrayed as a defensive ideology that developed in the closing decades of the nineteenth century in reaction to high colonialism, the plotting of Afghanistan's juridical Pan-Islam in Ahmed's book is a robust and powerful maneuver out of this well-trodden path, as the country escaped being “landlocked” mainly by cultivating regional connections in law.

Why Did the Corporation Only Evolve in Europe?

2020 ◽  
pp. 331-364
Author(s):  
Ron Harris
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
India And China ◽  
Initial Framework

This chapter provides theoretical insights that can assist in understanding the resistance to the migration of institutions. It offers an initial framework for the study of non-migration, the embeddedness of institutions, and the resistance to migration. The chapter explains why the business corporations did not migrate from Europe to the Middle East, India, and China in the three centuries between their first introduction in Europe, around 1600, and their eventual colonial forced introduction in Asia in the late nineteenth century. It also discusses why business corporations did not develop indigenously in the rest of Eurasia. The chapter uses contexts such as technology and mathematics to identify the causes of resistance to migration.

scholarly journals AUTHORSHIP OF THE JAWI ‘ULAMA’ IN EGYPT

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 221-264
Author(s):  
Jajang A Rohmana
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Young Student ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Scholarly Discussion ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Global Contribution

Nawawī of Banten (1813–1897) and Haji Hasan Mustapa (1852–1930) are two important figures of Malay-Indonesian Muslim scholars (‘ulamā’) who have been widely studied. However, personal proximity of these two ‘ulamā’ seems to escape from scholarly discussion. Seen from the light of scholarly commenting (sharh) tradition, this study on the other hand attempts to show their personal proximity between the senior teacher and young student when they lived in Mecca in the late nineteenth century. The sharh tradition of these two ‘ulamā’ particularly through appear in Nawawī’s al-’Iqd al-Thamīn that aims to comment on Mustapa’s work, Al-Fath al-Mubīn, and Mustapa’s al-Lum’a al-Nūrāniyya, a response to Nawawī’s al-Shadra al-Jummāniyya. These two Arabic books (s. kitab; p. kutub) were published in Cairo, Egypt. This article further argues that the sharh tradition situates authority and reputation as the epicenter of scholarly discussion between the two ‘ulamā’ who were influential among the Jawah community. It also argues that these two Sundanese scholars contributed significantly in the transmission of Islamic learning in the early twentieth century Middle East. Their works show a scholarly reputation which delivers insights on exceptionality of Islamic and Malay archipelagic issues and serve as a global contribution of Malay-Indonesian ‘ulamā’ to the triumph of Islamic learning traditions.

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