scholarly journals Hearing What the Eyes See

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon E. Guttman ◽  
Lee A. Gilroy ◽  
Randolph Blake
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Perceptual System ◽  
Spatial Processing ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
And Task

When the senses deliver conflicting information, vision dominates spatial processing, and audition dominates temporal processing. We asked whether this sensory specialization results in cross-modal encoding of unisensory input into the task-appropriate modality. Specifically, we investigated whether visually portrayed temporal structure receives automatic, obligatory encoding in the auditory domain. In three experiments, observers judged whether the changes in two successive visual sequences followed the same or different rhythms. We assessed temporal representations by measuring the extent to which both task-irrelevant auditory information and task-irrelevant visual information interfered with rhythm discrimination. Incongruent auditory information significantly disrupted task performance, particularly when presented during encoding; by contrast, varying the nature of the rhythm-depicting visual changes had minimal impact on performance. Evidently, the perceptual system automatically and obligatorily abstracts temporal structure from its visual form and represents this structure using an auditory code, resulting in the experience of “hearing visual rhythms.”

scholarly journals Multiple Neuronal Networks Mediate Sustained Attention

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1028-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia S. Lawrence ◽  
Thomas J. Ross ◽  
Ray Hoffmann ◽  
Hugh Garavan ◽  
Elliot A. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
The Neural Networks ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Sustained attention deficits occur in several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are still incompletely understood. To that end, functional MRI was used to investigate the neural substrates of sustained attention (vigilance) using the rapid visual information processing (RVIP) task in 25 healthy volunteers. In order to better understand the neural networks underlying attentional abilities, brain regions where task-induced activation correlated with task performance were identified. Performance of the RVIP task activated a network of frontal, parietal, occipital, thalamic, and cerebellar regions. Deactivation during task performance was seen in the anterior and posterior cingulate, insula, and the left temporal and parahippocampal gyrus. Good task performance, as defined by better detection of target stimuli, was correlated with enhanced activation in predominantly right fronto-parietal regions and with decreased activation in predominantly left temporo-limbic and cingulate areas. Factor analysis revealed that these performance-correlated regions were grouped into two separate networks comprised of positively activated and negatively activated intercorrelated regions. Poor performers failed to significantly activate or deactivate these networks, whereas good performers either activated the positive or deactivated the negative network, or did both. The fact that both increased activation of task-specific areas and increased deactivation of task-irrelevant areas mediate cognitive functions underlying good RVIP task performance suggests two independent circuits, presumably reflecting different cognitive strategies, can be recruited to perform this vigilance task.

Tuning Perceptual Competition

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 1057-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Wascher ◽  
Christian Beste
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Luminance Change ◽  
Orientation Change ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Dynamic Interplay ◽  
Relative Salience

The ability to notice relevant visual information has been assumed to be determined both by the relative salience of relevant information compared with distracters within a given display and by voluntary allocation of attention toward intended goals. A dominance of either of these two mechanisms in stimulus processing has been claimed by different theories. A central question in this context is to what degree and how task irrelevant signals can influence processing of target information. In the present study, participants had to detect a luminance change in various conditions among others against an irrelevant orientation change. The saliency of the latter was systematically varied and was found to be predictive for the proportion of detected information when relevant and irrelevant information were spatially separated but not when they overlapped. Weighting and competition of incoming signals was reflected in the amplitude of the N1pc component of the event-related potential. Initial orientation of attention toward the irrelevant element had to be followed by a reallocation process, reflected in an N2pc. The control of conflicting information additionally evoked a fronto-central N2 that varied with the amount of competition induced. Thus the data support models that assume that attention is a dynamic interplay of bottom-up and top-down processes that may be mediated via a common dynamic neural network.

scholarly journals Attitude, job satisfaction, and task performance of Thai millennial employees toward workplace fun

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 113-122
Author(s):  
Athapol Ruangkanjanases ◽  
Chenin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Western World ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Workplace Fun ◽  
Future Work ◽  
National Statistical Office ◽  
And Task

The purpose of this study is to emphasize the term workplace fun that has been widely used in the western world but has had minimal impact in developing countries—such as Thailand. The research examines the relationships among variables such as the attitude of millennial employees towards workplace fun, experienced workplace fun, job satisfaction, and task performance in Thailand. According to the data of the National Statistical Office of Thailand, millennial will account for half of Thailand’s workforce by 2030. The study relied upon survey data collected from 519 respondents representing millennials who are working in Thailand. By applying descriptive and inferential statistics, the study has found that millennial employees are true believers in the concept of workplace fun. Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicates that a higher exposure to experienced workplace fun leads to higher employee’s job satisfaction and higher task performance. This paper serves to change the traditional management view of having fun in the workplace and to direct for future work so that it may continue growing to improve Human Resource Management knowledge in Thailand.

Comparative Effects of 19 Stressors on Task Performance: Major Results of the Operator Survey

1985 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dennis Wylie ◽  
Robert R. Mackie ◽  
Malcolm J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Air Contamination ◽  
Performance Effectiveness ◽  
Minor Illness ◽  
Auditory Information Processing ◽  
Overall Performance

A survey was conducted to determine the opinions of sonar operators concerning the prevalence and judged impact of 19 stressors on various aspects of task performance: vigilance, visual information processing, auditory information processing, reasoning/decision making, perceptual-motor processes, general motivation to perform well, and overall performance effectiveness. The average rank ordering of the stressors by 212 Royal Navy operators with respect to adverse impact on overall effectiveness was as follows (worst listed first) boredom, fatigue, poor display/controls, command pressure, operator overload, poor work station, night watchstanding, heat, noise, lighting problems, minor illness, cold, motion, vibration, motion sickness, air contamination, risky peacetime operations, air pressure, wartime danger. There were differential responses among various subgroups of the operators. Some of the more important details are discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals On the relationship of behavioral distraction and pupil dilation caused by emotional novel sounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Bonmassar ◽  
Florian Scharf ◽  
Andreas Widmann ◽  
Nicole Wetzel
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Auditory Oddball ◽  
Tonic Level ◽  
Task Processing ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
And Task

Effects of attentional distraction by unexpected and task-irrelevant sounds on task performance are discussed to comprise costs due to orienting of attention toward a distracting event and benefits due to enhanced level of arousal evoked by the processing of such events. Highly arousing distractor sounds may facilitate information and task processing resulting in reduced distraction effects compared to moderately arousing distractor sounds. By measuring pupil dilation responses as a marker of arousal and task performance as a marker of distraction, we disentangled orienting costs and arousal level changes through variations of the emotional content of distractor sounds. While participants (N=60) performed a visual categorization task, an auditory oddball sequence including standard sounds, highly arousing emotional and moderately arousing neutral novel sounds was presented. Multilevel analyses revealed prolonged reaction times to novel sounds compared to standard sounds. Distraction effects decreased when emotional novel sounds were presented compared to neutral novel sounds. Pupil dilation responses were increased in response to novel sounds compared to standard sounds. This increase was larger for emotional than for neutral novel sounds. None of the considered models supported a correlation at trial level between reduced distraction effects and arousal increase reflected by the pupil in response to emotional novel sounds, indicating at least partly independent underlying mechanisms. An exploratory analysis revealed an impact of the baseline pupil size, that indicates tonic level of arousal, on performance and distraction effects. Moreover, a positive correlation between the negative affect scale in the Adult Temperament Questionnaire and RTs was observed.

scholarly journals Detection of task-relevant and task-irrelevant motion sequences: application to motor adaptation in goal-directed and whole-body movements

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Furuki ◽  
Ken Takiyama
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Motor Variability ◽  
Motion Sequence ◽  
Motor Neuroscience ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
And Task

AbstractMotor variability is inevitable in our body movements and is discussed from several various perspectives in motor neuroscience and biomechanics; it can originate from the variability of neural activities, it can reflect a large degree of freedom inherent in our body movements, it can decrease muscle fatigue, or it can facilitate motor learning. How to evaluate motor variability is thus a fundamental question in motor neuroscience and biomechanics. Previous methods have quantified (at least) two striking features of motor variability; the smaller variability in the task-relevant dimension than in the task-irrelevant dimension and the low-dimensional structure that is often referred to as synergy or principal component. However, those previous methods were not only unsuitable for quantifying those features simultaneously but also applicable in some limited conditions (e.g., a method cannot consider motion sequence, and another method cannot consider how each motion is relevant to performance). Here, we propose a flexible and straightforward machine learning technique that can quantify task-relevant variability, task-irrelevant variability, and the relevance of each principal component to task performance while considering the motion sequence and the relevance of each motion sequence to task performance in a data-driven manner. We validate our method by constructing a novel experimental setting to investigate goal-directed and whole-body movements. Furthermore, our setting enables the induction of motor adaptation by using perturbation and evaluating the modulation of task-relevant and task-irrelevant variabilities through motor adaptation. Our method enables the identification of a novel property of motor variability; the modulation of those variabilities differs depending on the perturbation schedule. Although a gradually imposed perturbation does not increase both task-relevant and task-irrelevant variabilities, a constant perturbation increases task-relevant variability.

Situational Factors Competing for Attention

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiyu Zhang ◽  
Se-Hoon Jeong ◽  
Martin Fishbein†
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Sexual Content ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
Explicit Content ◽  
Audio Information

This study investigates how multitasking interacts with levels of sexually explicit content to influence an individual’s ability to recognize TV content. A 2 (multitasking vs. nonmultitasking) by 3 (low, medium, and high sexual content) between-subjects experiment was conducted. The analyses revealed that multitasking not only impaired task performance, but also decreased TV recognition. An inverted-U relationship between degree of sexually explicit content and recognition of TV content was found, but only when subjects were multitasking. In addition, multitasking interfered with subjects’ ability to recognize audio information more than their ability to recognize visual information.

Effects of marijuana, cocaine, and task performance on cardiovascular responsivity.

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Foltin ◽  
Richard M. Capriotti ◽  
Margaret A. McEntee ◽  
Marian W. Fischman
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
And Task
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