Computational approach to solving problems of spatial processing of point sets on two-dimensional regular grids

The paper presents an approach to solving problems of spatial processing on sets of points on a plane. The presented method consists in plotting regions of an arbitrary geometric shape near given points of the set on a regular grid and determining the intersection points of the regions using spatial hash tables to improve the efficiency of operations. The proposed approach is implemented in the form of software for determining the spatial relationships between points as a sequence of operations with discretized sets and allows visualization of research results. Figs.: 2. Refs.: 13. Keywords: spatial processing task; point set; plane; regular grid; spatial hash table.

Efficiency of spatially recursive algorithms for transmitting images of marine vessels

На современном этапе развития интеллектуальных морских технологий необходимо включить в состав видеосистемы обработки изображений две подсистемы передачи видеоинформации морских сюжетов. Во первых на основе спектрального преобразования сигналов из пространственной области в частотную для оперативной доставки видеоинформации, полученной с различных камер подводного и надводного наблюдения. Во вторых, на основе пространственных методов обработки, без перехода в спектральную область сигнала для передачи выделенных ключевых точек объектов на изображениях. При этом важнейшая особенность этих подсистем заключается в улучшении информационных показателей качества морских видеосистем автоматизированной обработкой видеоинформации: точность визуальных данных, битовая скорость передачи по каналам связи и вычислительная сложность алгоритмов анализа и передачи видеоинформации. В предлагаемом исследовании приводятся алгоритмы спектральной и пространственной обработки видеоинформации, проведена оценка эффективности алгоритмов обработки изображений. А также отражены результаты моделирования алгоритмов и сравнительная оценка информационных показателей интеллектуальных морских видеосистем: точность, битовая скорость и вычислительная сложность видеосистем обработки морских изображений. At the present stage of the development of intelligent marine technologies, it is necessary to include two subsystems for the transmission of video information of marine scenes in the video image processing system: 1) based on the spectral conversion of signals from the spatial domain to the frequency domain for the rapid delivery of video information obtained from various underwater and surface surveillance cameras; 2) based on spatial processing methods without switching to the spectral domain of the signal to transmit selected key points of objects in the images. At the same time, the most important feature of these subsystems is to improve the information quality indicators of marine video systems by automated processing of video information: the accuracy of visual data, the bit rate of transmission over communication channels and the computational complexity of algorithms for analyzing and transmitting video information. The proposed study provides algorithms for spectral and spatial processing of video information. The results of algorithm modeling and comparative evaluation of information indicators of intelligent marine video systems are also presented: accuracy, bit rate and computational complexity of marine image processing video systems.

Moderators of Dual Task Gait Effects in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Spatiotemporal gait parameters may provide indication about the cognitive status of individuals. Dysfunction in specific gait features has been associated with increased risk of cognitive decline. Here we use spatiotemporal gait patterns to determine whether specific cognitive domain scores moderate the effects during dual-tasking on individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Participants (n=46; mean age: 77.0±8.9 years) with a diagnosis of cognitive impairment (n=16), or dementia (n=30) were included. They performed validated computerized cognitive assessment battery (CAB, NeuroTrax BrainCare) to obtain cognitive domain measures of executive function (EF), attention, memory, visual-spatial processing (VSP), information processing speed (IPS), and a global cognitive score (GCS) measure. Using the Zeno Walkway Gait Analysis System (Protokinetics), measures of velocity, stride width (SW), stride time (ST), stride length, cadence, double support (DS), and gait variability were obtained for both single-task and DT gait. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26 and PROCESS 3.5. As expected, the dementia group had lower cognitive domain scores and slower walking speed than MCI group. Results also indicated that visual-spatial processing skills was the only cognitive domain that did have a moderation effect on gait velocity (F=4.2, p<0.05, R-square change 10%). Our results indicate that differences between walking speed in MCI and dementia groups are moderated by visual spatial skills. Improvement in visual spatial skills could improve the dual task effects of individual gait measures.

Brain Substrates for Distinct Spatial Processing Components Contributing to Hemineglect in Humans

Several cortical and sub-cortical regions in the right hemisphere, particularly in the parietal and frontal lobes, but also in the temporal lobe and thalamus, are part of neural networks critically implicated in spatial and attentional functions. Damage to different sites within these networks can cause hemispatial neglect. The aim of this study was to identify the neural substrates of different spatial processing components that are known to contribute to neglect symptoms. Firstly, three different spatial tasks (visual search, bisection, and visual memory) were tested in 26 healthy controls. The fMRI results showed a differential activation of regions in the parietal and frontal lobes during bisection and visual search, respectively. Secondly, fMRI was used in 27 patients with focal right brain damage. Voxel-based lesion–symptom mapping was used to determine the relationships between specific sites of damage and the severity of deficits in these three spatial tasks. In the patients, we confirmed a critical role of the right lateral parietal cortex in bisection, but lesions in the frontal and temporal lobes were critical for visual search. These data support the existence of distinct components in spatial attentional processes that might be damaged to different degrees in neglect patients.

Number to me, space to you: Joint representation of spatial-numerical associations

Recent work has shown that number concepts activate both spatial and magnitude representations. According to the social co-representation literature which has shown that participants typically represent task components assigned to others together with their own, we asked whether explicit magnitude meaning and explicit spatial coding must be present in a single mind, or can be distributed across two minds, to generate a spatial-numerical congruency effect. In a shared go/no-go task that eliminated peripheral spatial codes, we assigned explicit magnitude processing to participants and spatial processing to either human or non-human co-agents. The spatial-numerical congruency effect emerged only with human co-agents. We demonstrate an inter-personal level of conceptual congruency between space and number that arises from a shared conceptual representation not contaminated by peripheral spatial codes. Theoretical implications of this finding for numerical cognition are discussed.

Application of spectral and spatial processing methods to sonar images

The paper proposes the use of the method of renormalization with limitation (MRL) for suppressing the speckle noise of images obtained using sonar. The method is tested on real images obtained by the interferometric side-view sonar. The principal possibility of a significant reduction in the speckle noise level is found due to the fact that the MRL renormalizes the spectrum of the sonar image to the universal reference spectrum (URS) model, which is a model of the spectrum of a "good" quality grayscale image. To increase the overall sharpness of the image, after applying the MRL, it is proposed to use spatial brightness transformations. The study allows us to conclude that the application of MRL to sonar images can significantly reduce speckle noise.

Mathematics Disability vs. Learning Disability: A 360 Degree Analysis

A fundamental issue for research in mathematics disability (MD) and reading disability (RD) is: If these disabilities are clearly distinct, why is there so high a level of comorbidity, together with the converse; if these disabilities are so similar, why are there clear differences in underlying causes and aetiology? In order to address this puzzle, we introduce the “360 degree analysis” (360DA) framework and apply it to the overlap between RD and MD. The 360DA process starts by analyzing the issue from four perspectives: theoretical, developmental, affective, and pedagogical. Under 360DA, these analyses are then integrated to provide insights for theory, and for individual assessment and support, together with directions for future progress. The analyses confirm extensive similarities between arithmetic and reading development in terms of rote learning, executive function (EF), and affective trauma, but also major differences in terms of the conceptual needs, the motor coordination needs, and the methods of scaffolding. In terms of theory, commonalities are interpreted naturally in terms of initial general developmental delay followed by domain-independent affective trauma following school failure. Dissociations are interpreted in terms of cerebellar vs. hippocampal learning networks, sequential vs. spatial processing, and language vs. spatial scaffolding, with a further dimension of the need for accurate fixation for reading. The framework has significant theoretical and applied implications.