The role of monoaminergic systems in central IL-1β-induced changes in intestinal motility

This study was designed to correlate the intestinal motility patterns with duodenal glucose loads and the increments in plasma gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and insulin levels after these loads or after the administration of exogenous hormones in conscious dogs. Isotonic glucose instilled intraduodenally at lower loads (5.2-42.4 mmol/h) only caused a moderate increase in spike activity, but at higher loads (84.8 mmol/h) it disrupted migrating myoelectric complexes (MMC), being accompanied by marked increases in plasma GIP and insulin levels. Duodenal loads of isotonic mannitol resulted in similar motility changes but without alteration in plasma GIP or insulin. Hypertonic glucose (20%) in the duodenum also caused an increase in spike activity, and at higher loads (72 mmol/h or higher) it disrupted MMCs and resulted in significant increments in plasma GIP and insulin levels. Physiological doses of exogenous GIP (25-400 pmol X kg-1 X h-1) or insulin (12-24 mU X kg-1 X h-1) did not affect the motility pattern, but at higher doses, raising plasma hormone over the levels occurring after a mixed meal, GIP (400 pmol X kg-1 X h-1) increased significantly the MMC interval, whereas insulin (48-96 pmol X kg-1 X h-1) induced a fed-like motility pattern. Intravenous 20% glucose (72 mmol/h) caused a marked rise in plasma insulin (but not GIP) levels but failed to affect the intestinal motility as did 20% mannitol infused intravenously in the same dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100104716 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 530-531

Author(s):

L. T. Germinario

Keyword(s):

Background Radiation ◽

Metal Cluster ◽

Single Element ◽

Beam Diameter ◽

X Rays ◽

X Ray ◽

Major Interest ◽

Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

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Salinity‐induced changes in gene expression in the streptophyte alga Chara: The critical role of a rare Na + ‐ATPase

Journal of Phycology ◽

10.1111/jpy.13166 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shaunna Phipps ◽

Charles F. Delwiche ◽

Mary A. Bisson

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Critical Role ◽

Induced Changes

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Cannabinoid-induced changes in the immune system: The role of microRNAs

International Immunopharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107832 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 98 ◽

pp. 107832

Author(s):

Hirva K. Bhatt ◽

Dana Song ◽

Gyen Musgrave ◽

P.S.S. Rao

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Induced Changes

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Space Radiation-Induced Alterations in the Hippocampal Ubiquitin-Proteome System

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22147713 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (14) ◽

pp. 7713

Author(s):

Alyssa Tidmore ◽

Sucharita M. Dutta ◽

Arriyam S. Fesshaye ◽

William K. Russell ◽

Vania D. Duncan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Memory ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Space Radiation ◽

Label Free ◽

Proteomic Profiling ◽

Neurocognitive Deficits ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

Induced Changes

Exposure of rodents to <20 cGy Space Radiation (SR) impairs performance in several hippocampus-dependent cognitive tasks, including spatial memory. However, there is considerable inter-individual susceptibility to develop SR-induced spatial memory impairment. In this study, a robust label-free mass spectrometry (MS)-based unbiased proteomic profiling approach was used to characterize the composition of the hippocampal proteome in adult male Wistar rats exposed to 15 cGy of 1 GeV/n 48Ti and their sham counterparts. Unique protein signatures were identified in the hippocampal proteome of: (1) sham rats, (2) Ti-exposed rats, (3) Ti-exposed rats that had sham-like spatial memory performance, and (4) Ti-exposed rats that impaired spatial memory performance. Approximately 14% (159) of the proteins detected in hippocampal proteome of sham rats were not detected in the Ti-exposed rats. We explored the possibility that the loss of the Sham-only proteins may arise as a result of SR-induced changes in protein homeostasis. SR-exposure was associated with a switch towards increased pro-ubiquitination proteins from that seen in Sham. These data suggest that the role of the ubiquitin-proteome system as a determinant of SR-induced neurocognitive deficits needs to be more thoroughly investigated.

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The Effect of Dual Language Activation on L2-Induced Changes in L1 Speech within a Code-Switched Paradigm

Languages ◽

10.3390/languages6030114 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 114

Author(s):

Ulrich Reubold ◽

Sanne Ditewig ◽

Robert Mayr ◽

Ineke Mennen

Keyword(s):

Dual Language ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Predictor Variable ◽

Predictor Variables ◽

Acoustic Measures ◽

Before And After ◽

Language Activation ◽

Dual Activation ◽

Induced Changes

The present study sought to examine the effect of dual language activation on L1 speech in late English–Austrian German sequential bilinguals, and to identify relevant predictor variables. To this end, we compared the English speech patterns of adult migrants to Austria in a code-switched and monolingual condition alongside those of monolingual native speakers in England in a monolingual condition. In the code-switched materials, German words containing target segments known to trigger cross-linguistic interaction in the two languages (i.e., [v–w], [ʃt(ʁ)-st(ɹ)] and [l-ɫ]) were inserted into an English frame; monolingual materials comprised English words with the same segments. To examine whether the position of the German item affects L1 speech, the segments occurred either before the switch (“He wants a Wienerschnitzel”) or after (“I like Würstel with mustard”). Critical acoustic measures of these segments revealed no differences between the groups in the monolingual condition, but significant L2-induced shifts in the bilinguals’ L1 speech production in the code-switched condition for some sounds. These were found to occur both before and after a code-switch, and exhibited a fair amount of individual variation. Only the amount of L2 use was found to be a significant predictor variable for shift size in code-switched compared with monolingual utterances, and only for [w]. These results have important implications for the role of dual activation in the speech of late sequential bilinguals.

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Nitric oxide decreases lung liquid production via guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate

AJP Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajplung.2001.280.5.l923 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 280 (5) ◽

pp. L923-L929 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

James J. Cummings ◽

Huamei Wang

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Pulmonary Epithelium ◽

Fetal Sheep ◽

Cgmp Analog ◽

Pulmonary Arterial ◽

Series Of Experiments ◽

Lung Liquid ◽

Tracer Dilution ◽

Induced Changes

We studied the role of cGMP in nitric oxide (NO)-induced changes in lung liquid production ( J v ) in chronically instrumented fetal sheep. Forty-five studies were done in which J v was measured by a tracer dilution technique. Left pulmonary arterial flow (Qlpa) was measured by a Doppler flow probe. There were two series of experiments. In the first, we gave 8-bromo-cGMP, a cGMP analog, by either the pulmonary vascular or intraluminal route; in the second, we used agents to inhibit or enhance endogenous cGMP activity. When infused directly into the pulmonary circulation, 8-bromo-cGMP significantly increased Qlpa but had no effect on J v. Conversely, when instilled into the lung liquid, 8-bromo-cGMP had no effect on Qlpa but significantly reduced J v. Inhibition of guanylate cyclase activity with methylene blue totally blocked, whereas phosphodiesterase inhibition with Zaprinast significantly enhanced, the effect of instilled NO on J v. Thus the reduction in lung liquid caused by NO appears to be mediated by cGMP, perhaps through a direct effect on the pulmonary epithelium.

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Palmitoylation of Cytoskeleton Associated Protein 4 by DHHC2 Regulates Antiproliferative Factor-mediated Signaling

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0849 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1454-1463 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Sonia L. Planey ◽

Susan K. Keay ◽

Chen-Ou Zhang ◽

David A. Zacharias

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Cellular Proliferation ◽

Phosphorylated Protein ◽

Normal Bladder ◽

High Affinity Receptor ◽

Palmitoyl Acyltransferase ◽

Cellular Behaviors ◽

Affinity Receptor ◽

Induced Changes

Previously, we identified cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4) as a major substrate of the palmitoyl acyltransferase, DHHC2, using a novel proteomic method called palmitoyl-cysteine identification, capture and analysis (PICA). CKAP4 is a reversibly palmitoylated and phosphorylated protein that links the ER to the cytoskeleton. It is also a high-affinity receptor for antiproliferative factor (APF), a small sialoglycopeptide secreted from bladder epithelial cells of patients with interstitial cystitis (IC). The role of DHHC2-mediated palmitoylation of CKAP4 in the antiproliferative response of HeLa and normal bladder epithelial cells to APF was investigated. Our data show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of DHHC2 and consequent suppression of CKAP4 palmitoylation inhibited the ability of APF to regulate cellular proliferation and blocked APF-induced changes in the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin, and ZO-1 (genes known to play a role in cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis). Immunocytochemistry revealed that CKAP4 palmitoylation by DHHC2 is required for its trafficking from the ER to the plasma membrane and for its nuclear localization. These data suggest an important role for DHHC2-mediated palmitoylation of CKAP4 in IC and in opposing cancer-related cellular behaviors and support the idea that DHHC2 is a tumor suppressor.

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