Reforming Agricultural Trade for Developing Countries (Vol. 2): Quantifying the Impact of Multilateral Trade Reform edited by McCalla, Alex F. and John Nash

2009 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-292
Author(s):  
Ivan Kandilov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Trade Reform ◽  
John Nash ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The Impact

Exploring the World Trade Organisation's Trade and Environment/Public Health Jurisprudence as a Model for Incorporating a Trade–Labour Linkage into the Organisation's Multilateral Trade Regime: Should African Countries Accept a Policy Shift?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Tapiwa V. Warikandwa ◽  
Patrick C. Osode
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
The Impact

The incorporation of a trade-labour (standards) linkage into the multilateral trade regime of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been persistently opposed by developing countries, including those in Africa, on the grounds that it has the potential to weaken their competitive advantage. For that reason, low levels of compliance with core labour standards have been viewed as acceptable by African countries. However, with the impact of WTO agreements growing increasingly broader and deeper for the weaker and vulnerable economies of developing countries, the jurisprudence developed by the WTO Panels and Appellate Body regarding a trade-environment/public health linkage has the potential to address the concerns of developing countries regarding the potential negative effects of a trade-labour linkage. This article argues that the pertinent WTO Panel and Appellate Body decisions could advance the prospects of establishing a linkage of global trade participation to labour standards without any harm befalling developing countries.

International Agricultural Trade Reform and Developing Countries: The Case of the European Community

1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 632-646
Author(s):  
Joseph A. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Trade Reform ◽  
Food Imports ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth

We are all aware that agriculture is important to developing countries as a source of income, employment and export earnings. To a far greater extent than in the OECD countries, agriculture it central to the economic performance of developing countries and the livelihood of their inhabitants. Rural societies in developing countries are directly dependent on the agricultural sector and urban dwellers rely on agriculture to provide food security and sustainable economic growth. Furthermore, many developing countries heavily rely on the export earnings or are highly dependent on food imports. Given the fact that the poorest and most threatened communities and countries are typically the most highly dependent, the resolution of pressing global agricultural policy and trade issues is critical to sustainable development and poverty alleviation.

scholarly journals The ‘Development’ Discourse in Multilateral Trade Lawmaking

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLAS LAMP
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Development Discourse ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of the idea of ‘development’ in multilateral trade lawmaking is often reduced to the principle of ‘special and differential treatment’, which exempts developing countries from certain obligations imposed by the trade regime. The article shows that ‘development’ has always presented a much wider challenge to the vision of the trade regime championed by the major trading nations. The development discourse has conceived the trade regime's historical significance, the regime's aims, and the relationships among its members in ways that were often fundamentally at odds with the conception preferred by most developed countries. The article explores how the development discourse has informed lawmaking initiatives by developing countries throughout the history of the trade regime. While not all of these initiatives were successful or necessarily fruitful, they show that the pursuit of development in trade lawmaking has always been more than an effort to seek exemption from trade rules.

scholarly journals The consequences of agricultural trade liberalization for developing countries: distinguishing between genuine benefits and false hopes

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN-CHRISTOPHE BUREAU ◽  
SÉBASTIEN JEAN ◽  
ALAN MATTHEWS
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Agricultural Trade Liberalization ◽  
The Impact

Recent analyses suggest that the impact of agricultural trade liberalization on developing countries will be very uneven. The Doha Round focuses on tariff issues, but some developing countries currently have practically duty-free access to European and North American markets under preferential regimes. Multilateral liberalization will erode the benefits of these preferences, which are presently rather well utilized in the agricultural sector. While South American and East Asian countries should benefit from an agricultural agreement, African and Caribbean countries are unlikely to do so. The main obstacles to the exports of the sub-Saharan African and Least Developed Countries appear to be in the non-tariff area (sanitary, phytosanitary standards), which increasingly originate from the private sector and are not dealt with under the Doha framework (traceability requirements, etc.). An agreement in Doha is unlikely to solve these problems and open large markets for the poorest countries. While this is not an argument to give up multilateral liberalization, a more specific and differentiated treatment should be considered in WTO rules, and corrective measures should be implemented.

scholarly journals Foreign Direct Investment, Exports, and Domestic Output in Pakistan

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (4II) ◽  
pp. 715-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsin Hasnain Ahmad ◽  
Shaista Alam ◽  
Mohammad Sabihuddin Butt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Trade Reform ◽  
Endogenous Growth Theory ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The impact of the policy reform on economic performance has been one of the stifling issues in development economics in the recent years. Since the middle 1970s, there has been considerable progress in the trade reform in the most developing countries, turning from an import substitution strategy to export-oriented approach. Pakistan also follows export-oriented policies. Pakistan’s trade pattern and trade policy have been moving towards fewer and fewer controls, tariffs rates have come tumbling down. Export-led-growth hypothesis (ELG) suggests that due to positive correlation between export and growth, therefore, export-oriented policies contribute to economic growth. Thus, international trade and development theory suggests that export growth contributes positively to economic growth. On the basis of this framework, most empirical work on the effects of export promoting strategy followed in developing countries evaluated openness with trade. Empirical research about the effect of this liberalisation process has treated export as principal channel for growth. The relationship with exports and growth, grounded in endogenous growth theory, has been tested for Pakistan [Khan (1995); Ahmad, Butt, and Alam (2000) and Akbar (2000)].

scholarly journals WTO, A Multilateral Trade Institution or a Parallel Organisation: Reform Initiatives Addressing the WTO Agricultural Trade Distortions to Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-90
Author(s):  
Isaac O. C. Igwe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Market Access ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Reform Initiatives ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
Development Objectives

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) process and its ethos are fast losing their development objectives. The crisis, challenges and complexities in the implementation of WTO policies on agriculture and market access has not abated. Intellectuals, researchers and academics opine that the implementation of WTO policies have not only encouraged power and development divide between the Industrialised nations and the developing nations, it has worsened the rate of global economic inequality. Although the inclusion of agriculture in the Uruguay Round was taken as a major achievement, the commitment to minimum market access for most protected products, reducing export subsidies and a considerable measure of support, did not do much to lower agricultural protection. The promises made to the developing countries under the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) on agriculture, market access, reduction of subsidies/tariffs and implementation issues were limited and not fulfilled. Can the emerging WTO market capacities and alliances lead to a change in the decision-making process? This writing aims to critically analyse the existing WTO legal problems hindering market flows and the incidence of barriers to trade in agriculture being much higher than protection of developing countries farmers which has impacted their development.+ Keywords: WTO; Legal; Agriculture; Implementation; Inequality; Developing Countries; Doha Development Agenda; Decision-marking; Market Access; Development.+

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