Temperament, Development, and Personality

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary K. Rothbart
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Executive Attention ◽  
Big Five Traits ◽  
Development Of Behavior

Understanding temperament is central to our understanding of development, and temperament constructs are linked to individual differences in both personality and underlying neural function. In this article, I review findings on the structure of temperament, its relation to the Big Five traits of personality, and its links to development and psychopathology. In addition, I discuss the relation of temperament to conscience, empathy, aggression, and the development of behavior problems, and describe the relation between effortful control and neural networks of executive attention. Finally, I present research on training executive attention.

Judging What Others Enjoy: Desirability and Observability of Interests

2021 ◽  
pp. 106907272110558
Author(s):  
Miranda M. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Career Interests ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Personality Assessments ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Subjective Perceptions ◽  
Big Five Traits ◽  
Advance Knowledge

Interests guide major life decisions such as choosing a career path, yet little is known about the subjective characteristics of individual differences in interests. Prior research on personality traits has demonstrated that subjective trait perceptions influence the validity and reliability of personality assessments. The current work expands the study of these subjective characteristics to individual differences in interests. Desirability and observability were assessed among 13 constructs: person orientation, thing orientation, RIASEC career interests, and Big Five traits. Judgments of interest dimensions varied considerably, with socially-related interests rated more desirable than thing-related interests. Some career-related interests were low in observability, and thus may be susceptible to being overlooked or categorized inaccurately. The patterns observed in interest characteristics were comparable to patterns in career choice hit rates, occupational prestige, and self-other convergence. The findings advance knowledge of differences between interest dimensions and suggest that subjective perceptions should be considered in interest assessment.

Personality, Politics, and Religion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Friesen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
Influence Model ◽  
Big Five Traits ◽  
Politics And Religion ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
First Mover

Individual differences in personality, religiosity, and political dispositions often are explained in conjunction with one another. Though the religious and political may share common themes of meaning-making, group identity, and societal organization, personality also influences these orientations. Specifically, the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability) and authoritarianism demonstrate consistent relationships with religious/ political beliefs and behaviors. Personality is often thought of as the first mover to develop with an individual before exposure to the other two domains, leading to a conceptual influence model of: personality → religiosity → politics. Using longitudinal studies and genetically informed samples, however, some scholars suggest that these dispositions influence one another and could develop concurrently within individuals. Examining the measured boundaries and relationships between the three domains suggests these dispositions comprise an individual’s personhood, and the varied expression of traits, beliefs, and behaviors are somewhat dependent on culture and context.

Are Big Five Traits and Facets Associated With Anchoring Susceptibility?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Nathan N. Cheek ◽  
Julie K. Norem
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Big Five Traits ◽  
Anchoring Effects

Anchoring, the assimilation of judgments to previously considered values, is one of the most robust findings in psychology, and researchers have been increasingly interested in finding individual difference moderators of anchoring effects. Several investigations have examined the relation between Big Five traits and anchoring susceptibility, but previous studies have produced a confusing and contradictory pattern of results. We identify limitations of previous work and report a large preregistered study ( N = 945) to test whether Big Five traits and facets relate to anchoring. We find no significant relations between any traits or facets and anchoring susceptibility. We discuss the implications of our results and future directions for research on individual differences in anchoring susceptibility.

scholarly journals Women's Race-and Sex-Based Social Attitudes

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Jonason ◽  
Ashley N. Lavertu
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Bisexual Women ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Big Five Traits

How do individual differences in personality and sexuality relate to social attitudes? We contend that personality traits and sexual orientation are descriptions of underlying biases (e.g., perceptual) that exert top-down influences into all of life's domains including social attitudes. The present study (N=200 women) examined individual differences in sex-based and race-based social attitudes as a function of the Big Five traits, the Dark Triad traits, and sexual orientation. We found that affiliative-based motivations in the form of agreeableness, openness, and narcissism predicted the desire and tendency to affiliate with other women. We also found fear-based (i.e., neuroticism) and entitlement-based (i.e., narcissism) traits were associated with efforts towards political action for gender equality. We found a "go-along" disposition (i.e., agreeableness and openness) was associated with greater endorsement of traditional gender roles. We replicated associations between the Big Five traits (i.e., openness and agreeableness) and race-based social attitudes. Uniquely, Machiavellianism was associated with more race-based social attitudes but with diminished endorsement of traditional gender roles. And last, we suggest that experienced discrimination among bisexual women may lead them to be less likely to hold both undesirable race-based and sex-based social attitudes.

Personality and individual differences: the potential of using preferences for visual stimuli to predict the Big Five traits

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam Al-Samarraie ◽  
Samer Muthana Sarsam ◽  
Ahmed Ibrahim Alzahrani ◽  
Nasser Alalwan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Big Five Traits

scholarly journals Temperament and brain networks of attention

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1744) ◽  
pp. 20170254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Posner ◽  
Mary K. Rothbart
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Executive Attention ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Attention Networks ◽  
Executive Attention Network

The attention networks of the human brain are important control systems that develop from infancy into adulthood. While they are common to everyone, they differ in efficiency, forming the basis of individual differences in attention. We have developed methods for measuring the efficiency of these networks in older children and adults and have also examined their development from infancy. During infancy the alerting and orienting networks are dominant in control of the infant's actions, but later an executive network dominates. Each network has been associated with its main neuromodulator and these have led to associations with genes related to that network neuromodulator. The links between parent reports of their child's effortful control and the executive attention network allow us to associate molecular mechanisms to fundamental behavioural outcomes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.

The Day Evaluation Q-Sort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Travis J. Miller ◽  
Daniel J. Ozer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Being And Time ◽  
Big Five Traits ◽  
Psychological Attributes ◽  
Q Sort ◽  
The Way

Abstract. The Day Evaluation Q-sort (DEQ) is a measure designed to describe the day as it is experienced. In two undergraduate samples ( Ns = 472 and 302), this research explores how the day is described, and how the evaluation of the day relates to personality attributes and to time spent in various daily activities. We find that individuals tend to describe their days as generally positive and productive, and that day evaluations are related to psychological attributes (Big Five traits, affect, and well-being) and time use. Day evaluations are not simply a reflection of the activities that make up the day. Two people spending their time similarly may evaluate the day differently. The DEQ is presented as a measure of day evaluations that captures variation in the way the day is experienced. These differences relate meaningfully to individual differences and how time is spent throughout the day.

Grey Matter Volumes in the Executive Attention System Predict Individual Differences in Effortful Control in Young Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luqing Wei ◽  
Nana Guo ◽  
Chris Baeken ◽  
Minghua Bi ◽  
Xiaowan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Executive Attention ◽  
Attention System

Individual Differences in Students' Preferences for Lecturers' Personalities

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Furnham ◽  
Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Student Ratings ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Personality Profile ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
Intelligence Scores ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. This study examines the relationship between students' personality and intelligence scores with their preferences for the personality profile of their lecturers. Student ratings (N = 136) of 30 lecturer trait characteristics were coded into an internally reliable Big Five taxonomy ( Costa & McCrae, 1992 ). Descriptive statistics showed that, overall, students tended to prefer conscientious, open, and stable lecturers, though correlations revealed that these preferences were largely a function of students' own personality traits. Thus, open students preferred open lecturers, while agreeable students preferred agreeable lecturers. There was evidence of a similarity effect for both Agreeableness and Openness. In addition, less intelligent students were more likely to prefer agreeable lecturers than their more intelligent counterparts were. A series of regressions showed that individual differences are particularly good predictors of preferences for agreeable lecturers, and modest, albeit significant, predictors of preferences for open and neurotic lecturers. Educational and vocational implications are considered.

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