ФОРСАЙТ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ТРУДОВОЇ МОБІЛЬНОСТІ МОЛОДІ НА ОСНОВІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ХАКАТОН-ЕКОСИСТЕМИ

The article discusses contemporary issues related to social and labor mobility of youth. In particular, it is observed that social and labor mobility is influenced by such factors as social order; ethnocultural stereotypes at the modern stage of social process development; system of social and moral values; changes in the employment types and patterns, a range of professions and occupational prestige in public opinion; demographic processes; regional specifics; social structure and organisation; settlement structure, etc. The study reveals that from a microenvironment perspective, the youth social and labor mobility level is primarily affected by the following group of impact factors: family, education system, immediate environment, media, territorial specifics of professional and social structure and others. The study findings demonstrate that the correlation between objective realia and microenvironment in the process of professional self-identity of an individual could be viewed as the relationship between the two external sources of shaping a person’s professional focus. To attain the research agenda, foresight technologies were employed to encourage social and labor mobility of young people. Data collection on graduates was conducted at the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design during 2019–2020. Based on the use of the Hackathon ecosystem, this study presents a foresight on youth social and labor mobility. It is argued that such a mechanism contributes to building socioeconomic relationships between institutions, enterprises and organizations on youth social and labor mobility, applying a systematic approach to tackling the issues under consideration, developing the key areas for effective interaction, establishing socioeconomic, legal, psychological and didactic terms to coordinate their activity. The regulatory framework to manage social and labor attitudes of young people based on the University Hackathon ecosystem involves the following mechanisms: institutional (developing and implementing a regulatory framework as well as the government workforce policy), organizational (assessing the situation within the educational environment: social, household-based, psychological), economic (which covers optimality, efficiency, structuring) along with personal and motivational (insights into the demands, values, interests and motifs).

Why Students Prefer “Business Administration Education”?

This chapter aims to identify the factors that are effective in the decisions of business students to choose this department. For this purpose, motivating factors for personality and work life were preferred in the study and questions were prepared in this direction. A and B type personality structures were preferred for the personality factor. The motivating factors for business life examined under three headings as occupational prestige/status, earning potential, potential of occupational advancement. The sample of the research consists of the senior year undergraduate students in the Department of the Business Administration from different universities. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview technique. In the research, a total of 25 students were interviewed on an online platform. In the results of the research, personality type tendencies of the students were revealed, and it was observed that factors such as prestigious job, status, high income, career progression, family, and personality influence their preferences of the business administration department.

What’s in an Occupation? Investigating Within-Occupation Variation and Gender Segregation Using Job Titles and Task Descriptions

Occupations have long been central to the study of inequality and mobility. However, the occupational categories typical in most U.S. survey data conceal potentially important patterns within occupations. This project uses a novel data source that has not previously been released for analysis: the verbatim text responses provided by respondents to the General Social Survey from 1972 to 2018 when asked about their occupation. These text data allow for an investigation of variation within occupations, in terms of job titles and task descriptions, and the occupation-level factors associated with this variation. I construct an index of occupational similarity based on the average pairwise cosine similarity between job titles and between task descriptions within occupations. Findings indicate substantial variation in the level of similarity across occupations. Occupational prestige, education, and income are associated with less heterogeneity in terms of job titles but slightly more heterogeneity in terms of task descriptions. Gender diversity is associated with more internal heterogeneity in terms of both job titles and task descriptions. In addition, I use the case of gender segregation to demonstrate how occupational categories can conceal the depth and form of stratification.

Two Sides of the Coin: The Link Between Relational Exclusion and Socioeconomic Exclusion

Social capital, derived from the individual embeddedness in a net of personal relationships that gives access to a pool of potential resources, is crucial in understanding how some people experience a higher risk of falling into social exclusion. In this article, we related some compositional and structural factors of egocentered networks to various measures on economic deprivation and social exclusion. We considered different explanatory dimensions: ego’s sociodemographic characteristics and ego’s social capital. Social capital was measured both in terms of expressive and instrumental support, and took into account network size, strong ties density, and alters’ average job prestige, differentiating between inherited and achieved capital, a distinction that has deserved little attention so far. We used data from the Spanish General Social Survey 2013 (N = 5,094), a nationally representative database not applied for similar purposes up to the present. Results show how economic deprivation and social exclusion are associated with ascribed and achieved characteristics, both at the micro level (individual) and the meso level (network). At the micro level, women, immigrants, young people, less‐educated people, the unemployed, and those who do not trust others have higher estimated values on the variables with regards to social disadvantage. At the meso level, social exclusion is associated with lower occupational prestige of achieved relationships, fewer contacts for obtaining economic or medical help (but more contacts for childcare) and smaller non‐kin core discussion networks. In a familistic society with a limited welfare system, results help to disentangle the level of dependence people have on their own social resources.

Judging What Others Enjoy: Desirability and Observability of Interests

Interests guide major life decisions such as choosing a career path, yet little is known about the subjective characteristics of individual differences in interests. Prior research on personality traits has demonstrated that subjective trait perceptions influence the validity and reliability of personality assessments. The current work expands the study of these subjective characteristics to individual differences in interests. Desirability and observability were assessed among 13 constructs: person orientation, thing orientation, RIASEC career interests, and Big Five traits. Judgments of interest dimensions varied considerably, with socially-related interests rated more desirable than thing-related interests. Some career-related interests were low in observability, and thus may be susceptible to being overlooked or categorized inaccurately. The patterns observed in interest characteristics were comparable to patterns in career choice hit rates, occupational prestige, and self-other convergence. The findings advance knowledge of differences between interest dimensions and suggest that subjective perceptions should be considered in interest assessment.

Social Capital and Running: A Network Social Capital Perspective

This study examines the measurement of position generators as a proxy of network social capital (NSC) and its influence on the extensity and upper reachability of social capital and sport/running participation. An analysis of 373 runners shows that running exercise participants rely on diverse relations to access and increase their social capital levels; stronger ties with the accessed occupations via running activities can help reach people with higher occupational prestige; access to more intermediate class occupations is significantly positively associated with upper reachability, whereas access to more working class occupations is significantly negatively associated with upper reachability; those who are older and have strong ties with people in accessed occupations known via running activities have higher levels of sport/running participation. We provide evidence for the application of NSC theory in sport to better understand how social networks operate by accessing extensity and upper reachability of social capital and how NSC influences sport (running) participation.

Understanding socioeconomic differences in metabolic syndrome remission among adults: what is the mediating role of health behaviors?

Background Although the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) strongly varies based on individuals’ socioeconomic position (SEP), as yet no studies have examined the SEP-MetS remission relationship. Our aim is to longitudinally assess the associations between SEP measures education, income and occupational prestige, and MetS remission, and whether these associations are mediated by health behaviors, including physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake and diet quality. Methods A subsample (n = 16,818) of the adult Lifelines Cohort Study with MetS at baseline was used. MetS remission was measured upon second assessment (median follow-up time 3.8 years), defined according to NCEP-ATPIII criteria. To estimate direct associations between SEP, health behaviors and MetS remission multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. To estimate the mediating percentages of health behaviors that explain the SEP-MetS remission relationship the Karlson-Holm-Breen method was used. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, the other SEP measures and follow-up time. Results At the second assessment, 42.7% of the participants experienced MetS remission. Education and income were positively associated with MetS remission, but occupational prestige was not. The association between education and MetS remission could partly (11.9%) be explained by health behaviors, but not the association between income and MetS remission. Conclusions Individuals with higher education more often experienced remission from MetS, mainly because individuals with higher education were more likely to have healthier behaviors. However, individuals with higher income more often experienced MetS remissions, regardless of their health behaviors. The occupational prestige of individuals was not associated with MetS remission.

What’s in an Occupation? Investigating Within-Occupation Variation and Gender Segregation Using Job Titles and Task Descriptions

Occupations have long been central to the study of inequality and mobility. However, the occupational categories typical in most U.S. survey data conceal potentially important patterns within occupations. This project uses a novel data source that has not previously been released for analysis: the verbatim text responses provided by respondents to the General Social Survey from 1972 to 2018 when asked about their occupation. These text data allow for an investigation of variation within occupations, in terms of job titles and task descriptions, and the occupation-level factors associated with this variation. I construct an index of occupational similarity based on the average pairwise cosine similarity between job titles and between task descriptions within occupations. Findings indicate substantial variation in the level of similarity across occupations. Occupational prestige, education, and income are associated with less heterogeneity in terms of job titles but slightly more heterogeneity in terms of task descriptions. Gender diversity is associated with more internal heterogeneity in terms of both job titles and task descriptions. In addition, I use the case of gender segregation to demonstrate how occupational categories can conceal the depth and form of stratification.

PROFESSIONAL CHOICE OF MODERN SCHOOL STUDENTS AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM

Введение. Проблема профессионального выбора в ситуации неопределенности актуализирует необходимость ее научного осмысления и поиска практических решений поддержки выпускников школ в процессе профессионального самоопределения. Особо остро этот вопрос стоит для выпускников сельских школ. Данная проблема решалась в отечественной и зарубежной педагогике и психологии в разные исторические периоды. В настоящее время меняется взгляд на проблему профессионального выбора. Если раньше она чаще рассматривалась в контексте профессионального самоопределения, то сейчас становится предметом самостоятельных исследований. Цель – выявить особенности выбора профессии сельскими школьниками в меняющихся представлениях о сущности профессионального выбора как психолого-педагогической проблемы. Материал и методы. Эмпирическая база исследования представлена школьниками 15–18 лет и населением среднего возраста сельских поселений севера и юга Тюменской области. В опросе приняли участие 200 человек. Содержание вопросов направлено на оценку общей информированности в различных аспектах привлекательности традиционных и современных профессий, уверенности в правильности и обоснованности выбора профессии. Основные методы: анализ, синтез, обобщение, анкетирование. Результаты и обсуждение. Рассмотрен профессиональный выбор в различных контекстах. Первый контекст отражает потребности общества и государства в профессиональном развитии личности в условиях экономики знаний. Второй показывает необходимость теоретического и методологического обоснования эволюции содержания и объема понятия «профессиональный выбор», его факторов и механизмов. Третий контекст характеризует особенности и проблемы выбора профессии сельскими школьниками. Заключение. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют в целом о недостаточной зрелости школьников в выборе профессии и понимании ее важности в реализации жизненных ценностей. Позиция родителей направлена на поддержку детей в их самостоятельном выборе. Профессиональный выбор зависит от региональной специфики, востребованности профессий в конкретной территории, личных предпочтений, материальной престижности профессии. Introduction. The problem of professional choice in a situation of uncertainty raises the importance of scientific understanding and finding practical solutions to support school graduates in the process of professional self-determination. This is particularly an issue for rural school graduates. The problem was addressed in domestic and foreign Pedagogy and Psychology at different times in history. The attitude towards the problem of professional choice is changing. Whereas it was more often considered in the context of professional self-determination, it is now the subject of independent research. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the professional choice by rural school students in the changing ideas about the essence of professional choice as a psychological and pedagogical problem. Material and methods. The empirical base of the study is represented by 15–18 years old school students and the middle-aged population of rural settlements in the north and south of the Tyumen region. The survey was attended by 200 people. The content of the questions is aimed at evaluation of the confidence and validity of the professional choice and general awareness in various aspects of the attractiveness of traditional and modern occupations. Basic methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, questioning. Results and discussion. The authors examine professional choices in different contexts. The first context reflects the needs of society and the state in the professional development of an individual in a knowledge economy. The second context shows the need for a theoretical and methodological justification of the development of the content and scope of the concept of “professional choice”, its factors and mechanisms. The third context characterizes the peculiarities and problems of choosing a profession by rural school students. Conclusion. The results showed that, in general, there is a lack of maturity among school students in choosing a profession and understanding its importance in life values realization. The position of the parents is aimed at supporting children in their independent choice. The professional choice depends on the regional specificities, demand for occupations in a given territory, personal preferences, and the occupational prestige. This work is supported by the Science Leadership School of the Competence development center of the worldclass West Siberian Scientific and educational Center. The research was funded by RFBR and Tyumen Region, project number 413-720011 “Development of a model of professional orientation, self-determination and self-realization of the population of the Tyumen region in the context of the transformation of the socio-economic space”, contract No. 20-413-720011\20.