The Role of Distributional Coalitions in Welfare Regimes: Chile, Costa Rica and El Salvador

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Martínez Franzoni ◽  
Koen Voorend
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Welfare Regimes

The Expropriation of Pious and Corporate Properties in Costa Rica, 1805-1860: Patterns in the Consolidation of a National Elite

1983 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-303
Author(s):  
Lowell Gudmundson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Central America ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Political Actor ◽  
Constant Feature ◽  
The Church

Conflicts between Church and State, and between liberals and conservatives over the role of the Church, were a constant feature of nineteenth-century Mesoamerican history. These struggles eventually stripped the Church of much of its wealth, with a consequent decline in its political influence. However, the timing of this disinvestiture, the composition of liberal and conservative factions, and the role of the Church varied substantially throughout Mexico and Central America.In Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador, the Church survived the turmoil of the Independence period, to continue as a major holder of wealth and an important political actor. Notwithstanding repeated royal attacks upon Church prerogatives, and innumerable forced loans levied by both colonial and national authorities against Church wealth, the decisive confrontation between the Church and the Liberal-dominated State in these nations awaited the second half of the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals The Less-Known History of the Voluntary Sector in an East Asian Welfare Regime: A South Korean Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
Voluntary Sector ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Welfare Regime ◽  
Family Interactions ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Welfare Mix

AbstractAlthough the voluntary sector is internationally valued as an integral component of the welfare mix, studies on East Asian welfare regimes have primarily focused on state-market-family interactions, paying scant attention to the long-standing and pivotal role of voluntary agencies in their construction. This case study illuminates this less-known aspect of modern welfare history in the context of South Korea, with a particular focus on the activities of voluntary organizations. The study categorizes South Korean voluntary associations into four types and examines their different contributions in shaping South Korea’s welfare regime, by applying Young’s framework on government–voluntary organizations relations. This historical exploration on the South Korean voluntary sector aims to deepen understanding of an East Asian welfare state regime. It further suggests that current welfare mix debates, focusing on the service delivery role of voluntary organizations within Western European welfare states, should be broadened.

Mycena citricolor. [Distribution map].

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Mycena citricolor (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Sacc. Hosts: Coffee (Coffea) spp. and others. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Florida, Venezuela.

scholarly journals Current trends and practices in the use of imprisonment

2016 ◽  
Vol 98 (903) ◽  
pp. 761-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Coyle ◽  
Catherine Heard ◽  
Helen Fair
Keyword(s):  
El Salvador ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Prison Overcrowding

AbstractThis article charts the rapid rise in the use of imprisonment in recent decades before considering some of the most pressing issues of concern in the use of imprisonment today. First among these is prison overcrowding, which continues to blight the record of many countries in their treatment of prisoners. To illustrate the potentially dire consequences of overcrowding – a problem common to many other countries and regions – an account is given of a recent visit to a prison in El Salvador. The article then provides an overview of the relevant regional and international standards on the treatment of prisoners, referring also to the role of judicial bodies in ensuring implementation.

scholarly journals Creating Ecotourism in Costa Rica, 1970–2000

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEOFFREY JONES ◽  
ANDREW SPADAFORA
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Knowledge Spillovers ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
National Image ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Industry

Between the 1970s and the 2000s, Costa Rica became established as the world’s leading ecotourism destination. This article argues that although Costa Rica benefited from biodiversity and a pleasant climate, the country’s preeminence in ecotourism requires more than a natural resource endowment explanation. While previous literature has emphasized the efforts of the government and nongovernment organizations, this article demonstrates the critical role of small entrepreneurs in the co-creation of the industry. Making extensive use of oral history, the article explores the role of tour companies in drawing affluent Western ecotourists to the country, and of the creators of ecolodges and other forms of accommodation in providing them with somewhere to stay. Clustering created positive externalities, drawing new entrepreneurs into the industry who could also learn from knowledge spillovers. There were downsides to the new industry. The creation of the national image of a natural paradise enabled many businesses which were not environmentally sustainable to free ride on the green image.

scholarly journals Invited Commentary: Social Cohesion, Depression, and the Role of Welfare States

2019 ◽  
Vol 189 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-357
Author(s):  
Mikael Rostila
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Neighborhood Disorder ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In this issue of the Journal, Baranyi et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2019;000(00):000–000) examine the longitudinal associations of perceived neighborhood disorder and social cohesion with depressive symptoms among persons aged 50 years or more in 16 different countries. An important contribution of their article is that they study how neighborhood-level social capital relates to depression in different welfare-state contexts. Although the authors provide empirical evidence for some significant differences between welfare states in the relationship between social capital and depression, they say little about potential explanations. In this commentary, I draw attention to welfare-state theory and how it could provide us with a greater understanding of Baranyi et al.’s findings. I also discuss the potential downsides of grouping countries into welfare regimes. I primarily focus on the associations between social cohesion and depression, as these associations were generally stronger than those for neighborhood disorder and depression. Finally, I provide some suggestions for future research within the field and discuss whether the findings could be used to guide policies aimed at increasing social cohesion and health.

scholarly journals Revisión sistemática, análisis cladístico y biogeográfico del género Smallanthus Mack. (Asteraceae, millerieae)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Maira Soledad Vitali
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Revisión Sistemática

El género Smallanthus pertenece a la familia Asteraceae, tribu Millerieae, subtribu Milleriinae. Fue descripto por Mackenzie en el año 1933, sobre la base de una sola especie norteamericana, Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mack. Fueron descriptas nuevas especies y transferidas de otros géneros, quedando Smallanthus conformado por 24 especies, que se distribuyen desde el Sur-Este de Estados Unidos, México, Guatemala, Belice, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Sur-Este de Brasil y el Centro-Este de Argentina. La gran mayoría de los endemismos se dan en el centro-sur de México. Como resultado de la revisión sistemática, se ampliaron las descripciones de todas las especies del género y se ilustraron, aportando mapas de distribución, datos ecológicos, fenológicos y clave para la identificación de las distintas especies del género. Se lleva a cabo una nueva combinación, Smallanthus cocuyensis (Cuatrec.) Vitali, quedando el género conformado por 25 especies. Se selecciona un lectotipo para Smallanthus maculatus. Se reconocen como sinónimos todas las variedades adjudicadas a Smallanthus maculatus y las adjudicadas a Smallanthus uvedalius. Las especies Smallanthus lundelli H. Rob. y Smallanthus obscurus B. L. Turner no son consideradas sinónimos de Smallanthus maculatus (Cav.) H. Robinson.

scholarly journals Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in Drake Bay, Costa Rica, and the role of temperature, rain and light

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Pablo Barquero-González ◽  
Tracie L. Stice ◽  
Gianfranco Gómez ◽  
Julián Monge-Nájera
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tropical Rainforest ◽  
Transect Counts ◽  
Diet Type

AbstractIntroductionstudies in the last two decades have found declining snake populations in both temperate and tropical sites, including informal reports from Drake Bay, Costa Rica.Objectiveto investigate if reports of decreasing snake populations in Drake Bay had a real basis, and if environmental factors, particularly temperature, rain and light, have played a role in that decrease.Methodswe worked at Drake Bay from 2012 through 2017 and made over 4000 h of transect counts. Using head flashlights we surveyed a transect covered by lowland tropical rainforest at an altitude of 12–38 m above sea level, near the Agujas River, mostly at 1930–2200 hours. We counted all the snakes that we could see along the transect.Resultssnake counts increase from August to September and then decline rapidly. The May snakes/rainfall peaks coincide, but the second snake peak occurs one month before the rain peak; we counted more snakes in dry nights, with the exception of Imantodes cenchoa which was equally common despite rain conditions. We saw less Leptodeira septentrionalis on bright nights, but all other species were unaffected. Along the six years, the number of species with each diet type remained relatively constant, but the number of individuals declined sharply for those that feed on amphibians and reptiles. We report Rhadinella godmani, a highland species, at 12–38 m of altitude.Conclusionnight field counts of snakes in Drake Bay, Costa Rica, show a strong decline from 2012 through 2017.

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