scholarly journals Creating Ecotourism in Costa Rica, 1970–2000

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEOFFREY JONES ◽  
ANDREW SPADAFORA
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Knowledge Spillovers ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
National Image ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Industry

Between the 1970s and the 2000s, Costa Rica became established as the world’s leading ecotourism destination. This article argues that although Costa Rica benefited from biodiversity and a pleasant climate, the country’s preeminence in ecotourism requires more than a natural resource endowment explanation. While previous literature has emphasized the efforts of the government and nongovernment organizations, this article demonstrates the critical role of small entrepreneurs in the co-creation of the industry. Making extensive use of oral history, the article explores the role of tour companies in drawing affluent Western ecotourists to the country, and of the creators of ecolodges and other forms of accommodation in providing them with somewhere to stay. Clustering created positive externalities, drawing new entrepreneurs into the industry who could also learn from knowledge spillovers. There were downsides to the new industry. The creation of the national image of a natural paradise enabled many businesses which were not environmentally sustainable to free ride on the green image.

Costa Rica in 1948: Cold War or Local War?

1996 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Olander
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Panama Canal Zone ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The U.S

The years following World War Two produced a strong resurgence of U.S. intervention in Central America and the Caribbean couched in Cold War terms. Although the U.S. intervention in Guatemala to overthrow the government of Jacobo Arbenz in 1954 has generally been seen as the first case of Cold War covert anti-Communist intervention in Latin America, several scholars have raised questions about U.S. involvement in a 1948 Costa Rican civil war in which Communism played a critical role. In a 1993 article in The Americas, Kyle Longley argued that “the U.S. response to the Costa Rican Revolution of 1948, not the Guatemalan affair, marked the origins of the Cold War in Latin America.” The U.S. “actively interfered,” and achieved “comparable results in Costa Rica as in Guatemala: the removal of a perceived Communist threat.” Other authors have argued, even, that the U.S. had prepared an invasion force in the Panama Canal Zone to pacify the country. The fifty years of Cold War anti-Communism entitles one to be skeptical of U.S. non-intervention in a Central American conflict involving Communism. Costa Ricans, aware of a long tradition of U.S. intervention in the region, also assumed that the U.S. would intervene. Most, if not all, were expecting intervention and one key government figure described U.S. pressure as like “the air, which is felt, even if it cannot be seen.” Yet, historians must do more than just “feel” intervention. Subsequent Cold War intervention may make it difficult to appraise the 1948 events in Costa Rica objectively. Statements like Longley's that “it is hard to believe that in early 1948 … Washington would not favor policies that ensured the removal of the [Communist Party] Vanguard,” although logical, do not coincide with the facts of the U.S. role in the conflict.

Trust in scientists in times of pandemic: Panel evidence from 12 countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (40) ◽  
pp. e2108576118
Author(s):  
Yann Algan ◽  
Daniel Cohen ◽  
Eva Davoine ◽  
Martial Foucault ◽  
Stefanie Stantcheva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Support ◽  
Compliant Behavior ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
The Government ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions

This article analyzes the specific and critical role of trust in scientists on both the support for and compliance with nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We exploit large-scale, longitudinal, and representative surveys for 12 countries over the period from March to December 2020, and we complement the analysis with experimental data. We find that trust in scientists is the key driving force behind individual support for and compliance with NPIs and for favorable attitudes toward vaccination. The effect of trust in government is more ambiguous and tends to diminish support for and compliance with NPIs in countries where the recommendations from scientists and the government were not aligned. Trust in others also has seemingly paradoxical effects: in countries where social trust is high, the support for NPIs is low due to higher expectations that others will voluntary social distance. Our individual-level longitudinal data also allows us to evaluate the effects of within-person changes in trust over the pandemic: we show that trust levels and, in particular, trust in scientists have changed dramatically for individuals and within countries, with important subsequent effects on compliant behavior and support for NPIs. Such findings point out the challenging but critical need to maintain trust in scientists during a lasting pandemic that strains citizens and governments.

Perspectives

1990 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Jayanth R Varma ◽  
N Venkiteswaran
Keyword(s):  
Capital Market ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

The Indian capital market has shown signs of buoyancy and dynamism in the recent past. There is a very real need, therefore, to nurture and to give positive direction to the emerging trends in this sphere of economic activity. It is in this context that regulatory agencies have a critical role in providing the right kind of support to avoid bunching of issues as well as in protecting investors against manipulation by unscrupulous investors. Have Indian regulatory agencies risen to the occasion by formulating appropriate and adequate policies to facilitate the development of the capital markets in India? In this article, Varma and Venkiteswaran examine the role of Indian regulatory agencies and evaluate the methodology spelt out in the official guidelines for valuation of equity shares made public by the Government of India.

scholarly journals Digital technology to control COVID-19 in China: issues, challenges and implications for the healthcare system

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Empowerment Theory ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Governance Model ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
Successful Prevention

In the current era, public health crises are presenting new systematic and cross-border characteristics and uncertainty. Public health crises are challenges for governments and health systems. The development of digital technology has changed the world and connected it as a “village”, and digital technology has played a critical role in providing support during public health crises over the past three decades. From the perspective of empowerment theory, we explore the role of digital technology in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic and digital technology approaches to controlling COVID-19 in China. Accordingly, we identify the challenges of using digital technology to control public health crises, including the imbalance of the rights and responsibilities of governance subjects, the incompatibility of the governance model and digital technology and the inadequate application of digital technology. Considering implications for the successful prevention and control of COVID-19, we suggest that the government should improve the balance of rights and responsibilities for coordinated crisis governance, link digital technology and the governance system and broaden the grassroots governance community.

scholarly journals Key Factors in the Success of Eco-Communities in Taiwan’s Countryside: The Role of Government, Partner, and Community Group

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Yi Sun ◽  
Yen-An Chen ◽  
Xiuzhi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Community Group ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Crucial Part

The ideals of the successful implementation of an eco-community involve several key elements. This study used a literature review to clarify the key factors for the successful implementation of an eco-community and established the influence of these key elements through expert questionnaires. The results of the study showed that the most crucial part of building a successful eco-community is the community group, followed by the partners who assist the community, and finally the assistance and support of the government. The leader of a community plays the most critical role, followed by the community group, and community self-consciousness. In addition, if the community can establish partnerships with experts, scholars, nongovernmental organizations, and nonprofit organizations, and construct a stable autonomous financial system, the eco-community is guaranteed to continue operating.

scholarly journals The European space-industrial complex: New myths, old realities

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasilis Zervos
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Military Alliances ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

This article is an economic analysis of the main factors affecting the evolution of the European space industry. The critical role of the government is analyzed with regard to both military alliances and civilian intergovernmental collaboration. The analysis explores how moving from a pure public goods paradigm in collaborative projects toward a commercially-oriented, competitiveness-enhancing paradigm leads to duplication of effort and rivalries within the space agencies and other organizations. Drawing on the example of defense alliances such as NATO, the article illustrates cooperation challenges faced both at European and transatlantic levels as competition and rivalry result from inter-alliance specialization and the difficulties involved in the allocation of benefits.

scholarly journals Industry 4.0: Costa Rica’s State-Of-The-Art in relation to Technology and Value Addition

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-224
Author(s):  
Tom Okot ◽  
Mariana Campos Guilcrits ◽  
Enrique Monge Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The main objective of this investigation is to describe the current landscape of Industry 4.0 in Costa Rica. Industry 4.0 is a combination of technologies, such as robotics, big data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI). Latin America has mostly focused on the development of IoT technology. Costa Rica ranks second in terms of IoT implementation, with a strong focus on environmentally sustainable innovations. New technologies emerge daily, and the IoT is among these technologies. Thus, after comparing Costa Rica with other countries and regions, there are several areas of opportunity to upscale these revolutionary technologies beyond the IoT. The government of Costa Rica and local businesses should work on a joint roadmap to upskill the population on using these technologies. Additionally, this research provides resources and opportunities for experimentation through design thinking, allowing more innovation creation based on trial and error to find the best solutions to implement to add value.

scholarly journals Investigation of Energy Inflation Dynamics in Pakistan: Revisiting the Role of Structural Determinants

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-380
Author(s):  
Sidra Iqbal ◽  
Fouzia Yasmin ◽  
Noreen Safdar ◽  
Maria Safdar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
The Government ◽  
Bound Test

Enormous fluctuation has been observed in energy prices in recent years. This strong volatility in energy prices implies grave inferences for Pakistan’s economy as shown by its substantial dependence on imported fuels. In Pakistan, energy prices play a critical role in inflation determination also concluded in the study at hand. The index of energy inflation was constructed, and the role of various control variables such as board money, taxes, oil prices, energy import, and GDP has been elaborated. Current study endeavors to examine the determinants of energy inflation in Pakistan by using time-series data for 1991 to 2019. Unit root was tested by utilizing ADF, furthermore, the Bound test suggested ARDL cointegration for empirical analysis. Therefore, an increase in the demand for energy in economic activities in developing countries indicates an energy demand hence implies energy inflation. The government of Pakistan must focus on the role of these factors to control inflation and to enhance the welfare in the country.

scholarly journals Role of the Indonesian Mass Media as National Defense Element from the Perspective of Total War Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agus Setyo Hartono ◽  
◽  
Syaiful Anwar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
National Defense ◽  
The Public ◽  
Total War ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
Media Power

Mass media as a means to disseminate news has independence in news publication regarding the company's target that depends on the latest news developments or trending topics. Total defense requires structuring a strategy that needs media involvement in delivering news to the public as part of the defense element in forming an opinion. This study aims to provide an overview of the critical role of media participation in supporting the government in various activities of disseminating information or actual news about the field of defense in the total defense strategy. According to Paul Long and Tim Wall (Paul Long, 2012), Media Power is associated with two aspects: the first is the power of control, which determines other parties' actions and is considered negative because it implies limiting the freedom of other parties. The other one is the power of self-determination, which is tied to the idea of liberty either to use power or from the superior's responsibility. The media tends to disseminate dynamic life-nuanced news that does not relate to defense, which is considered more favorable. The Ministry of Defense has created a media engagement program and has tried to measure information discussing security with positive, negative, and neutral sentiment. However, the results obtained are still unable to provide a comprehensive view because media respondents have not represented the media's opinion. This research used the descriptive qualitative method and attempted to discover data and facts from the media as an element of national defense in engaging the total war strategy. This study tries to increase the role of the media in strengthening the universal war strategy through reporting by forming public opinion.

Beirut port blast: an escapable disaster in more than one way

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Roula Al Daia ◽  
Hala Khayr Yaacoub
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Management ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transformational Leaders ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Leadership ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
The People ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
The Government

Complexity academic level The blast at Beirut Port on the 4th of August was the cherry on the cake in a series of disastrous governmental failures manifested in the of lack of trust, an unprecedented economic crisis, hyperinflation, financial fallout, political bottle necks, toxic environmental situation and a vertical cleavage between the government and the people. The blast resulted in billions of dollars in losses both at the port and the surrounding Beirut area, destroyed more than 300,000 housing units, displaced their residents, ruined many artifacts of cultural heritage, injured thousands of people and killed hundreds. Definitely, it was a case of negligence in the storage of the Ammonium Nitrate, corruption, irresponsible leadership or all of these together. However, investigations are still underway to pinpoint the responsible individuals and to bring them to justice. This case looks at potential ways that could have prevented the blast, by questioning the reasons behind the non-voicing out of objections against the nature of the material stored unsafely for several years in Container 12 at the Port. Through the lens of Hadi Karim, a fictional character, the authors lead the readers to consider the disaster’s characterization, as well as applicable disaster management frameworks. The case also emphasizes the role of public leadership and leads the readers to consider measures and processes that could have been abided by to prevent the disaster. Case overview Against the backdrop of the recent Beirut Port explosion, this case examines how events unfolded leading up to the tragedy, highlighting how it could have been avoided, as well as the managerial and ethical dimensions involved. Leaning objectives At the end of the case, students will be able to: 1. Characterize the disaster in terms of type and nature. 2. Analyze the blast by referring to the relevant disaster management frameworks. 3. Analyze the critical role of ethical and transformational leaders pre and post disaster. 4. Reflect on the role of employees in preventing disasters mainly through whistleblowing. Social implications Shedding the light on an avoidable disaster, drawing lessons to avoid the occurrence of such events in the future, and raising awareness on disaster management and on whistleblowing as a tool in the ethical leader’s toolbox. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 10: Public Sector Management.

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