Why Young Boys Stumble: Early Tracking, Age and Gender Bias in the German School System

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Jürges ◽  
Kerstin Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Grade Retention ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
German School ◽  
Actual Choice ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

AbstractAfter primary school, German pupils are given a secondary school track recommendation. This recommendation and the actual track choice are strongly associated with later life outcomes. Using data from the German PISA 2000 extension study, we analyze the effect of relative age on track recommendations and actual choice. Younger pupils and boys are less likely to be recommended to and enrolled in the academic track (Gymnasium), the most attractive track in terms of later life outcomes. Flexible enrollment and grade retention partly offset these effects. We find no convincing evidence that postponing the recommendation by lengthening primary school by 2 years reduces the age or gender bias.

The Importance of School Attendance: Findings From the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development on the Life-Course Effects of Truancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rocque ◽  
Wesley G. Jennings ◽  
Alex R. Piquero ◽  
Turgut Ozkan ◽  
David P. Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Problem Drinking ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Later Life ◽  
School Dropout ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Childhood Risk Factors ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Relationship

School dropout has been extensively studied in the literature as a correlate of negative life outcomes. A precursor to school dropout is truancy, the unexcused or illegitimate student absence from school. Few studies have examined the relationship between truancy and involvement in crime and adjustment more generally over the life-course. This study extends previous work by exploring whether truancy at age 12 to 14 is related to later life outcomes such as crime, aggression, and adjustment using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Results indicate that truancy has long-lasting associations with negative life outcomes, especially for non-violent crime and problem drinking. Importantly, these findings hold for certain outcomes controlling for a comprehensive host of environmental and individual childhood risk factors.

scholarly journals Comparison of self-reports and biomedical measurements on hypertension and diabetes among older adults in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghong Xie ◽  
Jiwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
False Negative ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background: Researchers interested in the effects of health on various life outcomes often use self-reported health and disease as an indicator of true, underlying health status. However, the validity of reporting is questionable as it relies on the awareness, recall bias and social desirability. Accordingly, biomedical test is generally regarded as a more precise indication of the disease.Methods: Using data from the third wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we selected individuals aged 40-85 years old who participated in both health interview survey and biomedical test. Sensitivity, specificity, false negative reporting and false positive reporting were used as measurements of (dis)agreement or (in)validity, and binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to estimate under-report or over-report of hypertension and diabetes. Results: Self-reported hypertension and diabetes showed low sensitivity (73.24% and 49.21%, respectively) but high specificity (93.61% and 98.05%, respectively). False positive reporting of hypertension and diabetes were 3.97% and 1.67%, while false negative reports were extremely high at 10.14% and 7.38%. Educational attainment, hukou, age and gender affected both group-specific error and overall error with some differences in their magnitude and directions.Conclusion: Self-reported conditions underestimate the disease burden of hypertension and diabetes in China. Adding objective measurements into social survey could improve data accuracy and allow better understanding of socioeconomic inequalities in health. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to provide basic health education and physical examination to citizens, and promote the use of healthcare to lower the incidence and unawareness of disease in China.

Obstetrics and birth: effects of experiences and gender bias on student test scores

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Glen Keating ◽  
Amy Marsh ◽  
Adisack Nhouyvanisvong ◽  
Steven Mountfort ◽  
Ron Lawler
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Sex Bias ◽  
Individual Student ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Skills Laboratory ◽  
Minimal Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Objectives: Paramedic education requires all students have the experience of attending childbirth. Obstetric (OB) experiences are limited for students in hospitals and even more so in the field. Gender bias may exist in hospital OB rotations for paramedic students but research on this is limited. This study is intended to examine whether a sex bias exists in field or hospital placements and if that bias correlates to OB test scores. Methods: Using data from Fisdap, numbers of OB experiences were analysed and compared to individual student sex and experience type (hospital clinical, field or skills laboratory). The number of experiences were compared to that student's score on the OB section of the Fisdap paramedic readiness examinations version 3 (PRE3) or version 4 (PRE4). Results: Of 12 090 paramedic students, male (n=5625) and female (n=2682) students who took the PRE3 had equal average scores of 0.76 and male (n=2498) and female (n=1285) students who took the PRE4 had average scores of 0.77 and 0.79 respectively. Students who took the PRE3 saw a mean of 4.32 births, a majority of which were in hospital (3.68); there was minimal difference in experiences between male and female students in field or skills laboratory settings, but women saw more births in hospital settings (3.92) than men (3.43). Students who took the PRE4 saw a mean of 4.54 births, a majority of which were in hospital (3.8) and there was minimal difference in experiences between male and female students in field or laboratory settings but women students saw more births in hospital (4.06) than men (3.54). Conclusions There is no correlation between the number of OB emergency encounters by paramedic students and their OB test scores. However, a potential gender bias exists as female students tend to have more labour and birth experiences in hospital settings than their male counterparts, while number of experiences in lab and field settings were similar.

scholarly journals Older parents and filial support obligations: a comparison of family solidarity norms between native and immigrant populations in Italy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Marco Albertini ◽  
Debora Mantovani
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Adult Daughters ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
Qualitative Survey ◽  
The Social ◽  
Filial Obligations ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Although older migrants in Southern Europe are increasing in number, relatively little attention has been paid to their care needs and resources. The availability of informal care is an important determinant of wellbeing in later life and norms regulating filial obligations have an important role in affecting the quality and quantity of support received. Using data from a qualitative survey conducted in Italy, this article sheds light on the social norms regulating filial obligations towards older parents among natives and three groups of immigrants: Maghrebis, Chinese and Filipinos. The results indicate a number of commonalities between the four different groups considered, such as: the principle of delayed reciprocity at the basis of filial support obligations; a gender bias in attributing the most psychologically, physically and time-demanding caring obligations to adult daughters and daughters-in-law; and a preference for intergenerational residential autonomy shared by Italian, Filipinos and, to a lesser extent, Maghrebi respondents. At the same time, numerous differences emerge between natives and immigrants, and between immigrant groups. The most significant differences are observed regarding: the possibility of resorting to a paid care-giver, which is more common among Italians and, to a lesser extent, Filipino respondents; and a stronger gender bias among the Chinese and Maghrebi groups, i.e. they attribute the majority of personal care responsibilities to daughters and daughters-in-law.

scholarly journals Building and Using Data Resources for Research on Job Characteristics, Health, and Retirement

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 231-231
Author(s):  
Amanda Sonnega ◽  
Gwen Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Linked Data ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Job Complexity ◽  
Data Resource ◽  
Longitudinal Measurement ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Occupational Information Network ◽  
Using Data

Abstract A growing literature seeks to understand the relationship between the experience of work and important later-life outcomes. Rich longitudinal measurement of both sides of this equation in datasets such as the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) have made this research possible. These data take the form of self-reported experiences of work (such as physical demands, job flexibility, job satisfaction etc.). Increasingly, researchers are looking to add potentially complementary information on the work environment available in the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database through a linkage using occupation and industry codes in the survey data. The session talks will describe research conducted using O*NET linked with HRS data as well as ongoing work to create a new data resource that will allow other researchers to undertake research with O*NET-HRS linked data. Each presentation will include some discussion of both the value and limits of using the linkage to O*NET. Carpenter will provide a detailed description a new project linking the 2019 O*NET data to the HRS for public use.This presentation explains the types of variables that will be made available in the O*NET-HRS occupation project and will provide examples for how the measures can be used in longitudinal HRS studies. Using O*NET-HRS linked data, Carr will present on work examining the role of preretirement job complexity in alternative retirement paths and cognitive performance. Helppie-McFall will used the linked data to discuss the role of mismatch between demands of work and workers’ ability to meet those demands in retirement decisions.

scholarly journals Comparison of self-reports and biomedical measurements on hypertension and diabetes among older adults in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghong Xie ◽  
Jiwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
False Negative ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background Researchers interested in the effects of health on various life outcomes often use self-reported health and disease as an indicator of true, underlying health status. However, the validity of reporting is questionable as it relies on the awareness, recall bias and social desirability. Accordingly, biomedical test is generally regarded as a more precise indication of the disease. Methods Using data from the third wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we selected individuals aged 40–85 years old who participated in both health interview survey and biomedical test. Sensitivity, specificity, false negative reporting and false positive reporting were used as measurements of (dis) agreement or (in) validity, and binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to estimate under-report or over-report of hypertension and diabetes. Results Self-reported hypertension and diabetes showed low sensitivity (73.24 and 49.21%, respectively) but high specificity (93.61 and 98.05%, respectively). False positive reporting of hypertension and diabetes were 3.97 and 1.67%, while false negative reports were extremely high at 10.14 and 7.38%. Educational attainment, hukou, age and gender affected both group-specific error and overall error with some differences in their magnitude and directions. Conclusion Self-reported conditions underestimate the disease burden of hypertension and diabetes in China. Adding objective measurements into social survey could improve data accuracy and allow better understanding of socioeconomic inequalities in health. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to provide basic health education and physical examination to citizens, and promote the use of healthcare to lower the incidence and unawareness of disease in China.

scholarly journals Sexist Expressions in Nyakyusa

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Musa Saimon
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Language And Gender ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

The way people use language determines and (or) reflects their experience in their social context; the use of everyday language becomes a lens through which people behave and see their world and at other time it is the social practices that influence certain choices of language used by community members. For that reason research on how languages affect women’s image in different speech communities is highly needed for the sake of saving women’s face. This brought to the attention the concept of language and gender in applied linguistics whose focus is on how language use and labelling is associated with gender differences. And those language forms that show gender bias are known as sexist expressions. Drawing on the above scenario, the present study explores sexist expressions in Nyakyusa language using data collected from four Nyakyusa speaking people as key informants through mobile phone interviews. Data were analysed thematically in which I generated themes from coded and categorised data. Findings show that Nyakyusa exhibits elements of sexism through five forms of sexist expressions namely referential gender, social gender, lexical gender, proverbs and idioms and agreements. The researcher calls for creation of awareness among Nyakyusa speech communities for reformation of sexist expressions.

Investor Preference for Director Characteristics: Portfolio Choice with Gender Bias

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 117-147
Author(s):  
Henry L. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Portfolio Choice ◽  
Female Directors ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Potential Channels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Director Characteristics ◽  
Investor Preference

ABSTRACT This study examines whether investor-level preferences for director characteristics influence portfolio choices, using data on the U.S. holdings of non-U.S. funds. Consistent with bias-based preferences influencing portfolio allocations, funds from countries with greater gender inequality invest less and hold smaller stakes in firms with more female directors. Since variation in funds' home country gender biases are plausibly unrelated to the selection and performance of female directors in U.S. firms, the empirical strategy mitigates endogeneity concerns arising from estimates based on associations between market performance and gender demographics. The study contributes by linking investments to measured gender biases and by providing evidence, through additional analysis, of potential channels through which gender bias may affect portfolio choice. JEL Classifications: G11; J16; M10.

Effects of grade retention on academic performance and behavioral development

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINDA PAGANI ◽  
RICHARD E. TREMBLAY ◽  
FRANK VITARO ◽  
BERNARD BOULERICE ◽  
PIERRE MCDUFF
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Grade Retention ◽  
Behavioral Development ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the controversial practice of grade retention and children's academic and behavioral adjustment using data from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children. We employed an autoregressive modeling technique to detect the impact of being held back during primary school on subsequent academic performance and behavioral development until age 12 years. The results indicate both a short- and long-term negative influence on academic performance for boys and girls. Children's anxious, inattentive, and disruptive behaviors persisted and, in some cases, worsened after grade retention. These prospective associations were long lasting and more pronounced when grade retention occurred early in primary school. Boys were more vulnerable to the negative influence of grade retention on academic performance and classroom disruptiveness. Disruptive behavior in girls was comparatively less associated with long-term consequences than boys. Nevertheless, girls experienced both short- and long-term academic performance problems in the aftermath of grade retention. Children's prosocial behavior appeared unaffected by grade retention. These results are independent of what would have been expected by the natural course of academic and behavioral development.

scholarly journals Comparison of self-reports and biomedical measurements on hypertension and diabetes among older adults in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghong Xie ◽  
Jiwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
False Negative ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Abstract Background: Researchers interested in the effects of health on various life outcomes often use self-reported health and disease as an indicator of true, underlying health status. However, the validity of reporting is questionable as it relies on the awareness, recall bias and social desirability. Accordingly, biomedical test is generally regarded as a more precise indication of the disease.Methods: Using data from the third wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we selected individuals aged 40-85 years old who participated in both health interview survey and biomedical test. Sensitivity, specificity, false negative reporting and false positive reporting were used as measurements of (dis)agreement or (in)validity, and binary and multinomial logistic regression were used to estimate under-report or over-report of hypertension and diabetes. Results: Self-reported hypertension and diabetes showed low sensitivity (73.24% and 49.21%, respectively) but high specificity (93.61% and 98.05%, respectively). False positive reporting of hypertension and diabetes were 3.97% and 1.67%, while false negative reports were extremely high at 10.14% and 7.38%. Educational attainment, hukou, age and gender affected both group-specific error and overall error with some differences in their magnitude and directions.Conclusion: Self-reported conditions underestimate the disease burden of hypertension and diabetes in China. Adding objective measurements into social survey could improve data accuracy and allow better understanding of socioeconomic inequalities in health. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to provide basic health education and physical examination to citizens, and promote the use of healthcare to lower the incidence and unawareness of disease in China.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document