Delayed response of human melanopsin retinal ganglion cells on the pupillary light reflex

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sei-ichi Tsujimura ◽  
Yuta Tokuda
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light

scholarly journals How Does Light Regulate Mood and Behavioral State?

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-331
Author(s):  
Milosavljevic
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light

The idea that light affects mood and behavioral state is not new. However, not much is known about the particular mechanisms and circuits involved. To fully understand these, we need to know what properties of light are important for mediating changes in mood as well as what photoreceptors and pathways are responsible. Increasing evidence from both human and animal studies imply that a specialized class of retinal ganglion cells, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), plays an important role in the light-regulated effects on mood and behavioral state, which is in line with their well-established roles in other non-visual responses (pupillary light reflex and circadian photoentrainment). This paper reviews our current understanding on the mechanisms and paths by which the light information modulates behavioral state and mood.

scholarly journals Glutamatergic Neurotransmission from Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells Is Required for Neonatal Photoaversion but Not Adult Pupillary Light Reflex

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. e83974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Delwig ◽  
Sriparna Majumdar ◽  
Kelly Ahern ◽  
Matthew M. LaVail ◽  
Robert Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Glutamatergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light

The pupillary light reflex in normal and innate microstrabismic cats, II: Retinal and cortical input to the nucleus praetectalis olivaris

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Distler ◽  
K.-P. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Binocular Summation ◽  
Cortical Input ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Upper Visual Field

AbstractThe anatomical substrate of the pupillary light reflex was investigated in normal and innate microstrabismic cats using anatomical methods as well as electrical stimulation. The bilateral retinal input to the nucleus praetectalis olivaris (NPO), the pretectal relay station in the subcortical pupilloconstrictor pathway, was identified to come from the ventral retina where the upper visual field is represented. Orthodromic electrical stimulation revealed that retinal information is transmitted to on-tonic neurons in the NPO mainly via slowly conducting axons probably originating from W- and X-type retinal ganglion cells.For the first time, a direct cortical input to on-tonic neurons in the NPO could be demonstrated. This cortical input originates from caudolateral parts of the occipital cortex. Putative input structures are those subdivisions of areas 19 and 20a where the upper part of the visual field is represented.A direct, predominantly contralateral projection with a weak ipsilateral component from NPO to the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal, and an interhemispheric connection between the NPOs could be demonstrated. With respect to the anatomical connections as described in this study, no differences between normal and innate microstrabismic cats could be found.The results are discussed with respect to the binocular summation of the pupillary light reflex and its reduction in subjects with impaired binocular vision.

scholarly journals Cell-Subtype-Specific Remodeling of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Yi Chen ◽  
Xu Han ◽  
Ling-Jie Cui ◽  
Chen-Xi Yu ◽  
Wen-Long Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Dendritic Branching

Recent evidence suggests that melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), a neuronal class regulating non-image forming (NIF) vision and generally thought to be injury-resistant, are dysfunctional in certain neurodegenerative diseases. Although disrupted NIF visual functions have been reported in patients and animals with diabetes, it remains controversial whether ipRGCs exhibit remodeling during diabetes and if so, whether such remodeling is variable among ipRGC subtypes. Here we demonstrate that survival, soma-dendritic profiles and melanopsin-based functional activity of M1 ipRGCs were unaltered in streptozotocin-induced 3-month diabetic mice. Such resistance remained at 6 months after streptozotocin administration. In contrast, M2/M3 ipRGCs underwent significant remodeling in diabetic mice, manifested by enlarged somata and increased dendritic branching complexity. Consistent with the unaltered melanopsin levels, the sensitivity of melanopsin-based activity was unchanged in surviving M2 cells, but their response gain displayed a compensatory enhancement. Meanwhile, the pupillary light reflex, a NIF visual function controlled by M2 cells, was found to be impaired in diabetic animals. The resistance of M1 cells might be attributed to the adjacency of their dendrites to capillaries, which makes them less disturbed by the impaired retinal blood supply at the early stage of diabetes.

scholarly journals Pupillary Light Reflexes in Severe Photoreceptor Blindness Isolate the Melanopic Component of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 3215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Charng ◽  
Samuel G. Jacobson ◽  
Elise Heon ◽  
Alejandro J. Roman ◽  
David B. McGuigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Pupillary Light

scholarly journals Divergent photic thresholds in the non-image-forming visual system: entrainment, masking and pupillary light reflex

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1706) ◽  
pp. 745-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Butler ◽  
Rae Silver
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Circadian Timing System ◽  
Dim Light

Light is the principal cue that entrains the circadian timing system, but the threshold of entrainment and the relative contributions of the retinal photoreceptors—rods, cones and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells—are not known. We measured thresholds of entrainment of wheel-running rhythms at three wavelengths, and compared these to thresholds of two other non-image-forming visual system functions: masking and the pupillary light reflex (PLR). At the entrainment threshold, the relative spectral sensitivity and absolute photon flux suggest that this threshold is determined by rods. Dim light that entrained mice failed to elicit either masking or PLR; in general, circadian entrainment is more sensitive by 1–2 log units than other measures of the non-image-forming visual system. Importantly, the results indicate that dim light can entrain circadian rhythms even when it fails to produce more easily measurable acute responses to light such as phase shifting and melatonin suppression. Photosensitivity to one response, therefore, cannot be generalized to other non-image-forming functions. These results also impact practical problems in selecting appropriate lighting in laboratory animal husbandry.

scholarly journals Cell-Subtype-Specific Remodeling of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Yi Chen ◽  
Xu Han ◽  
Ling-Jie Cui ◽  
Chen-Xi Yu ◽  
Wen-Long Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Dendritic Branching

Recent evidence suggests that melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), a neuronal class regulating non-image forming (NIF) vision and generally thought to be injury-resistant, are dysfunctional in certain neurodegenerative diseases. Although disrupted NIF visual functions have been reported in patients and animals with diabetes, it remains controversial whether ipRGCs exhibit remodeling during diabetes and if so, whether such remodeling is variable among ipRGC subtypes. Here we demonstrate that survival, soma-dendritic profiles and melanopsin-based functional activity of M1 ipRGCs were unaltered in streptozotocin-induced 3-month diabetic mice. Such resistance remained at 6 months after streptozotocin administration. In contrast, M2/M3 ipRGCs underwent significant remodeling in diabetic mice, manifested by enlarged somata and increased dendritic branching complexity. Consistent with the unaltered melanopsin levels, the sensitivity of melanopsin-based activity was unchanged in surviving M2 cells, but their response gain displayed a compensatory enhancement. Meanwhile, the pupillary light reflex, a NIF visual function controlled by M2 cells, was found to be impaired in diabetic animals. The resistance of M1 cells might be attributed to the adjacency of their dendrites to capillaries, which makes them less disturbed by the impaired retinal blood supply at the early stage of diabetes.

scholarly journals Cell-Subtype-Specific Remodeling of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Wei-Yi Chen ◽  
Xu Han ◽  
Ling-Jie Cui ◽  
Chen-Xi Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Dendritic Branching

Recent evidence suggests that melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), a neuronal class regulating non-image forming (NIF) vision and generally thought to be injury-resistant, are dysfunctional in certain neurodegenerative diseases. Although disrupted NIF visual functions have been reported in patients and animals with diabetes, it remains controversial whether ipRGCs exhibit remodeling during diabetes and if so, whether such remodeling is variable among ipRGC subtypes. Here we demonstrate that survival, soma-dendritic profiles and melanopsin-based functional activity of M1 ipRGCs were unaltered in streptozotocin-induced 3-month diabetic mice. Such resistance remained at 6 months after streptozotocin administration. In contrast, M2/M3 ipRGCs underwent significant remodeling in diabetic mice, manifested by enlarged somata and increased dendritic branching complexity. Consistent with the unaltered melanopsin levels, the sensitivity of melanopsin-based activity was unchanged in surviving M2 cells, but their response gain displayed a compensatory enhancement. Meanwhile, the pupillary light reflex, a NIF visual function controlled by M2 cells, was found to be impaired in diabetic animals. The resistance of M1 cells might be attributed to the adjacency of their dendrites to capillaries, which makes them less disturbed by the impaired retinal blood supply at the early stage of diabetes.

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