Accuracy Assessment of Commercial Self-Calibrating Bundle Adjustment Routines Applied to Archival Aerial Photography

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (141) ◽  
pp. 96-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel A. Aguilar ◽  
Fernando J. Aguilar ◽  
Ismael Fernández ◽  
Jon P. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Bundle Adjustment

scholarly journals INVESTIGATIONS ON THE BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT RESULTS FROM SFM-BASED SOFTWARE FOR MAPPING PURPOSES

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-2 ◽  
pp. 623-628
Author(s):  
Y. A. Lumban-Gaol ◽  
A. Murtiyoso ◽  
B. H. Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Spatial Management ◽  
Erdas Imagine

Since its first inception, aerial photography has been used for topographic mapping. Large-scale aerial photography contributed to the creation of many of the topographic maps around the world. In Indonesia, a 2013 government directive on spatial management has re-stressed the need for topographic maps, with aerial photogrammetry providing the main method of acquisition. However, the large need to generate such maps is often limited by budgetary reasons. Today, SfM (Structure-from-Motion) offers quicker and less expensive solutions to this problem. However, considering the required precision for topographic missions, these solutions need to be assessed to see if they provide enough level of accuracy. In this paper, a popular SfM-based software Agisoft PhotoScan is used to perform bundle adjustment on a set of large-scale aerial images. The aim of the paper is to compare its bundle adjustment results with those generated by more classical photogrammetric software, namely Trimble Inpho and ERDAS IMAGINE. Furthermore, in order to provide more bundle adjustment statistics to be compared, the Damped Bundle Adjustment Toolbox (DBAT) was also used to reprocess the PhotoScan project. Results show that PhotoScan results are less stable than those generated by the two photogrammetric software programmes. This translates to lower accuracy, which may impact the final photogrammetric product.

scholarly journals ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF A UAV-BASED LANDSLIDE MONITORING SYSTEM

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 895-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Peppa ◽  
J. P. Mills ◽  
P. Moore ◽  
P. E. Miller ◽  
J. E. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Image Matching ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Landslide Monitoring ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Error Assessment ◽  
Ground Sample ◽  
Ground Control Points ◽  
Pixel Image ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Landslides are hazardous events with often disastrous consequences. Monitoring landslides with observations of high spatio-temporal resolution can help mitigate such hazards. Mini unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) complemented by structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry and modern per-pixel image matching algorithms can deliver a time-series of landslide elevation models in an automated and inexpensive way. This research investigates the potential of a mini UAV, equipped with a Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX5 compact camera, to provide surface deformations at acceptable levels of accuracy for landslide assessment. The study adopts a self-calibrating bundle adjustment-SfM pipeline using ground control points (GCPs). It evaluates misalignment biases and unresolved systematic errors that are transferred through the SfM process into the derived elevation models. To cross-validate the research outputs, results are compared to benchmark observations obtained by standard surveying techniques. The data is collected with 6 cm ground sample distance (GSD) and is shown to achieve planimetric and vertical accuracy of a few centimetres at independent check points (ICPs). The co-registration error of the generated elevation models is also examined in areas of stable terrain. Through this error assessment, the study estimates that the vertical sensitivity to real terrain change of the tested landslide is equal to 9 cm.

Bundle Adjustment For 35 mm Oblique Aerial Photography

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (86) ◽  
pp. 217-224
Author(s):  
W. S. Warner ◽  
L. E. Blankenberg
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Bundle Adjustment

scholarly journals CAMERA CALIBRATION ACCURACY AT DIFFERENT UAV FLYING HEIGHTS

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W3 ◽  
pp. 595-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Yusoff ◽  
M. F. M. Ariff ◽  
K. M. Idris ◽  
Z. Majid ◽  
A. K. Chong
Keyword(s):  
Camera Calibration ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Mapping Accuracy ◽  
Image Mapping ◽  
Object Distance ◽  
Uav Image

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be used to acquire highly accurate data in deformation survey, whereby low-cost digital cameras are commonly used in the UAV mapping. Thus, camera calibration is considered important in obtaining high-accuracy UAV mapping using low-cost digital cameras. The main focus of this study was to calibrate the UAV camera at different camera distances and check the measurement accuracy. The scope of this study included camera calibration in the laboratory and on the field, and the UAV image mapping accuracy assessment used calibration parameters of different camera distances. The camera distances used for the image calibration acquisition and mapping accuracy assessment were 1.5 metres in the laboratory, and 15 and 25 metres on the field using a Sony NEX6 digital camera. A large calibration field and a portable calibration frame were used as the tools for the camera calibration and for checking the accuracy of the measurement at different camera distances. Bundle adjustment concept was applied in Australis software to perform the camera calibration and accuracy assessment. The results showed that the camera distance at 25 metres is the optimum object distance as this is the best accuracy obtained from the laboratory as well as outdoor mapping. In conclusion, the camera calibration at several camera distances should be applied to acquire better accuracy in mapping and the best camera parameter for the UAV image mapping should be selected for highly accurate mapping measurement.

scholarly journals Simultaneous All-Parameters Calibration and Assessment of a Stereo Camera Pair Using a Scale Bar

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Sun ◽  
Nai-Guang Lu ◽  
Ming-Li Dong ◽  
Bi-Xi Yan ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Camera System ◽  
3D Vision ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Measurement Volume ◽  
Orientation Method ◽  
Large Measurement ◽  
Distortion Parameters

Highly accurate and easy-to-operate calibration (to determine the interior and distortion parameters) and orientation (to determine the exterior parameters) methods for cameras in large volume is a very important topic for expanding the application scope of 3D vision and photogrammetry techniques. This paper proposes a method for simultaneously calibrating, orienting and assessing multi-camera 3D measurement systems in large measurement volume scenarios. The primary idea is building 3D point and length arrays by moving a scale bar in the measurement volume and then conducting a self-calibrating bundle adjustment that involves all the image points and lengths of both cameras. Relative exterior parameters between the camera pair are estimated by the five point relative orientation method. The interior, distortion parameters of each camera and the relative exterior parameters are optimized through bundle adjustment of the network geometry that is strengthened through applying the distance constraints. This method provides both internal precision and external accuracy assessment of the calibration performance. Simulations and real data experiments are designed and conducted to validate the effectivity of the method and analyze its performance under different network geometries. The RMSE of length measurement is less than 0.25 mm and the relative precision is higher than 1/25,000 for a two camera system calibrated by the proposed method in a volume of 12 m × 8 m × 4 m. Compared with the state-of-the-art point array self-calibrating bundle adjustment method, the proposed method is easier to operate and can significantly reduce systematic errors caused by wrong scaling.

scholarly journals BUNDLE ADJUSTMENT ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF UNORDERED AERIAL DATASET COLLECTED THROUGH KITE PLATFORM

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W17 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Abate ◽  
A. Murtiyoso
Keyword(s):  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Commercial Market ◽  
Ordered Data ◽  
Imaging Sensors ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Aerial Systems

Abstract. The introduction into the commercial market of affordable and off-the-shelves Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), have lately boosted the mapping capabilities of archaeologists. Hardware solutions have been indeed supported by more accurate flight planning software allowing to increase the reliability of 3D models in terms of spatial resolution and geometric accuracy. However, during the last decades, aerial photography was mainly performed exploiting imaging sensors mounted on kites, balloons and poles. Although being an affordable and user-friendly solution, the use of these platforms did not allow the collection of images following an ordered data collection, hence introducing factors in the network design which could hamper the photogrammetric reconstruction. This study aims to assess the Bundle Adjustment (BA) accuracy and the reliability of the photogrammetric reconstruction by reprocessing various dataset collected over the UNESCO archaeological site of Khirokitia Vouni (Cyprus) using a commercial software and DBAT (Damped Bundle Adjustment Toolbox).

scholarly journals PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ASSESSMENT AND COMPARISON OF DJI PHANTOM 4 PRO AND PHANTOM 4 RTK SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W13 ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Peppa ◽  
J. Hall ◽  
J. Goodyear ◽  
J. P. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Aircraft Systems ◽  
Ground Control Points ◽  
Reference Information ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Wide Range

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Consumer-grade Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), and particularly Small Unmanned Aircraft (SUA) weighing less than 20&amp;thinsp;kg, have recently become very attractive for photogrammetric data acquisition across a wide range of applications. Compared to other more expensive remote-sensing technology, DJI Phantom series SUA provide a trade-off between cost, sensor quality, functionality and portability. Because of the significant interest in such systems, rigorous accuracy assessment of metric performance is crucial. This research investigates the capabilities of the Phantom 4 Pro (P4P) and the recently launched Phantom 4 RTK (P4RTK) SUA through both laboratory and in-situ assessments with multi-scale photogrammetric blocks. The study adopts self-calibrating bundle adjustments from conventional photogrammetry and from a Structure-from-Motion (SfM)-photogrammetric approach. Both systems deliver planimetric and vertical absolute accuracies of better than one and two pixels ground sampling distance, respectively, against independent check points. This can be achieved if the imaging network configuration includes a mixed range of nadir and oblique imagery and several ground control points are established as reference information. Ongoing analysis is investigating the strength of all bundle adjustment solutions. It is also evaluating the GNSS capabilities of the P4RTK SUA after post-processing raw observations of its trajectory. Findings from a comprehensive accuracy assessment can support non-experts in designing the pre-flight photogrammetric data acquisition plan and aid understanding of the performance of such popular off-the-shelf SUA.</p>

scholarly journals Assessing a 35mm Fixed-Lens Sony Alpha-5100 Intrinsic Parameters Prior to, During, and Post UAV Flight Mission

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martinus E Tjahjadi ◽  
Silvester S Sai ◽  
Fourry Handoko
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Digital Camera ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Principal Point ◽  
Intrinsic Parameters ◽  
Stability Performance ◽  
Focal Length Lens ◽  
Cmos Sensor

A fixed focal length lens (FFL) camera with on-adjustable focal length is common companions for conducting aerial photography using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) due to its superiority on optical quality and wider maximum aperture, lighter weight and smaller sizes. A wide-angle 35mm FFL Sony a5100 camera had been used extensively in our recent aerial photography campaign using UAV. Since this off-the-self digital camera is categorized into a non-metric one, a stability performance issue in terms of intrinsic parameters raises a considerably attention, particularly on variations of the lens principal distance and principal point’s position relative to the camera’s CCD/CMOS sensor caused by the engine and other vibrations during flight data acquisitions. A series of calibration bundle adjustment was conducted to determine variations in the principal distances and principal point coordinates before commencing, during, and after accomplishment of the flight missions. This paper demonstrates the computation of the parameters and presents the resulting parameters for three different epochs. It reveals that there are distinct discrepancies of the principal distances and principal point coordinates prior to, during, and after the mission, that peaked around 1.2mm for the principal distance, as well as around 0.4mm and 1.3mm along the x-axis and the y-axis of the principal point coordinates respectively. In contrast, the lens distortions parameters show practically no perturbations in terms of radial, decentering, and affinity distortion terms during the experiments.

scholarly journals Photogrammetric Solution for Analysis of Out-Of-Plane Movements of a Masonry Structure in a Large-Scale Laboratory Experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Javier Sánchez-Aparicio ◽  
Mónica Herrero-Huerta ◽  
Rita Esposito ◽  
Hugo Roel Schipper ◽  
Diego González-Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Masonry Structure ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Cyclic Test ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Contact Sensors

This paper proposes a photogrammetric procedure able to determine out-of-plane movements experienced by a masonry structure subjected to a quasi-static cyclic test. The method tracks the movement of circular targets by means of a coarse-to-fine strategy. These targets were captured by means of a photogrammetric network, made up of four cameras optimized following the precepts of a zero-, first-, and second-order design. The centroid of each circular target was accurately detected for each image using the Hough transform, a sub-pixel edge detector based on the partial area effect, and a non-linear square optimization strategy. The three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of these targets were then computed through a photogrammetric bundle adjustment considering a self-calibration model of the camera. To validate the photogrammetric method, measurements were carried out in parallel to an ongoing test on a full-scale two-story unreinforced masonry structure (5.4 × 5.2 × 5.4-m) monitored with more than 200 contact sensors. The results provided by the contact sensors during one of the load phases were compared with those obtained by the proposed approach. According to this accuracy assessment, the method was able to determine the out-of-plane displacement during the quasi-static cyclic test with a sub-pixel accuracy of 0.58.

scholarly journals UAV Photogrammetry Accuracy Assessment for Corridor Mapping Based on the Number and Distribution of Ground Control Points

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Ferrer-González ◽  
Francisco Agüera-Vega ◽  
Fernando Carvajal-Ramírez ◽  
Patricio Martínez-Carricondo
Keyword(s):  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Multiscale Model ◽  
Bundle Adjustment ◽  
Ground Control ◽  
Control Points ◽  
The Road ◽  
Ground Control Points ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Model Cloud

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry has recently emerged as a popular solution to obtain certain products necessary in linear projects, such as orthoimages or digital surface models. This is mainly due to its ability to provide these topographic products in a fast and economical way. In order to guarantee a certain degree of accuracy, it is important to know how many ground control points (GCPs) are necessary and how to distribute them across the study site. The purpose of this work consists of determining the number of GCPs and how to distribute them in a way that yields higher accuracy for a corridor-shaped study area. To do so, several photogrammetric projects have been carried out in which the number of GCPs used in the bundle adjustment and their distribution vary. The different projects were assessed taking into account two different parameters: the root mean square error (RMSE) and the Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2). From the different configurations tested, the projects using 9 and 11 GCPs (4.3 and 5.2 GCPs km−1, respectively) distributed alternatively on both sides of the road in an offset or zigzagging pattern, with a pair of GCPs at each end of the road, yielded optimal results regarding fieldwork cost, compared to projects using similar or more GCPs placed according to other distributions.

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