Focal Epileptic Activity and its Spread in the Brain of Lower Vertebrates.

Epilepsia ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. SERVÍT
Keyword(s):  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Focal Epileptic Activity ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Surgical Aspects of Corpus Callosotomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1608
Author(s):  
Takehiro Uda ◽  
Noritsugu Kunihiro ◽  
Ryoko Umaba ◽  
Saya Koh ◽  
Toshiyuki Kawashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Corpus Callosotomy ◽  
Drop Attacks ◽  
Maximum Effort ◽  
Surgical Aspects ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
The Brain

Corpus callosotomy (CC) is one of the options in epilepsy surgeries to palliate patient seizures, and is typically applied for drop attacks. The mechanisms of seizure palliation involve disrupting the propagation of epileptic activity to the contralateral side of the brain. This review article focuses on the surgical aspects of CC. As a variations of CC, anterior two-thirds, posterior one-third, and total callosotomy are described with intraoperative photographs. As less-invasive surgical variations, recent progress in endoscopic CC, and CC without craniotomy, is described. CC remains acceptable under the low prevalence of complications, and surgeons should make the maximum effort to minimize the complication rate.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Methods for Estimation of Undirected Coupling from Time Series of Intracranial Eegs of Cortex of Rats-Genetic Models of Absence Epilepsy

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326
Author(s):  
А.А. Грищенко ◽  
A.A. Grishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Surrogate Data ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Absence Epilepsy ◽  
Information Function ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Intracranial Recordings ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mutual Information Function

Studying coupling between brain areas from its electromagnetic activity is one of the key approaches in epilepsy research now, since epileptic activity has been considered to be a result of pathological synchronization in the brain. Often, research is conducted on animal models, because this allows to perform intracranial measurement, and to get rid of interference caused by the skull and to receive signals from deeper regions of the brain such as thalamus or hippocampus. In this study, the intracranial recordings from the frontal and parietal areas of cortex are investigated with a nonlinear correlation coefficient and a mutual information function in a sliding time window. The coupling estimates obtained were subjected for statistical analysis for significance using surrogate data. The dynamics of connectivity between the frontal cortex and the parietal cortex was shown to vary from seizure to seizure and from animal to animal. Therefore, estimates of the significant change in connectivity associated with initiation of the absense seizure, found previously based on averaging over a large number of animals and a large number of seizures for an each animal, can be a result of contribution of a relatively small number of seizures (less than a half of considered), for which the changes are significant.

scholarly journals With or without spikes: localization of focal epileptic activity by simultaneous electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging

Brain ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 134 (10) ◽  
pp. 2867-2886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Grouiller ◽  
Rachel C. Thornton ◽  
Kristina Groening ◽  
Laurent Spinelli ◽  
John S. Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Focal Epileptic Activity

Antiepileptic effects of short-wave radiation in hypogeomagnetic conditions

Open Medicine ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-522
Author(s):  
Leonid Godlevsky ◽  
Semen Tsevelev ◽  
Vyacheslav Polyasny ◽  
Igor Samchenko ◽  
Tatyana Muratova
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Wave Radiation ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Extremely High Frequency ◽  
Generalized Seizures ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe work was dedicated to investigation of dynamics of epileptic activity in conditions of extremely high frequency electromagnetic waves (EHF) radiation (7,1 mm, 0,1 mW/cm2) upon focal epileptic activity. Epileptic activity was penicillin-induced (10,000 IU/ml) in the frontal region of the brain cortex in myorelaxed and artificially ventilated rats under acute experimental condition. Thermal effects were absent as far as absorbed dosage of energy did not exceed 0,1 J/ animal. It was established that preliminarily performed hypogeomagnetic period (3,0 h) with the inductivity of geomagnetic field at 5×10−8 Tesla caused the intensification of antiepileptic effects of EHF (15,0 min of exposure). It was pronounced in the form of decrease of foci intensity and significant reduction of lifespan of foci — up to 115,3±13,4 minutes, which was both significant when compared with separate effects of hypogeomagnetic influence (187,3±12,5 min) and EHF (15,0 minutes of exposure) effect (164,2±12,5 minutes) (P<0,05). Besides, EHF (15,0 min) which was made after 3,0 h exposure to hypogeomagnetic influence suppressed generalized seizures in amygdalarly kindled rats.

scholarly journals Neurons and mechanism of epileptic associated genes in brain network: current concepts and future perspectives.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Meenakshi Sundari
Keyword(s):  
Single Neuron ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Neuronal Cells ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Inhibition Mechanism ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Recurrent Seizure ◽  
Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
The Brain

Neurons are the basic cell structure of the nervous system and responsible for the communication between brain and body. Brain networks are formed from a single neuron to highly complexed interconnected (˷ 100 billion) neurons. Imbalances between excitation and inhibition mechanism of neuronal cells leads to altered brain network causing seizure/epileptic activity. The mechanism is known as an ictogenic mechanism. In particular, epilepsy is characterized by abnormal neuronal cells and several genetic factors are attributed for their development. CHRNA4 is the first epileptic gene discovered in an autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE). Since, the era of epileptic genetics has reached to peaks and still extending the branches to study in detail to solve the mysteries behind the brain and epileptic/seizure genes. However, genes such as AQP4, SESN3, ARX, NTNG1, NTNG2, TSC1 and TSC2 need more attention in epilepsy genetic studies. Therefore, this review describes brain network during epilepsy (recurrent seizure) as well as deals with recent studies on molecular genetics and identification methods of epilepsy.

scholarly journals Collective excitability in a mesoscopic neuronal model of epileptic activity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Jedynak ◽  
Antonio J. Pons ◽  
Jordi Garcia-Ojalvo
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Model ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Sustained Activity ◽  
Collective Activity ◽  
Neural Mass ◽  
Joint Dynamics ◽  
Coupling Strengths ◽  
Neuronal Oscillators ◽  
The Brain

The brain can be understood as a collection of interacting neuronal oscillators, but the extent to which its sustained activity is due to coupling among brain areas is still unclear. Here we study the joint dynamics of two cortical columns described by Jansen-Rit neural mass models, and show that coupling between the columns gives rise to stochastic initiations of sustained collective activity, which can be interpreted as epileptic events. For large enough coupling strengths, termination of these events results mainly from the emergence of synchronization between the columns, and thus is controlled by coupling instead of noise. Stochastic triggering and noise-independent durations are characteristic of excitable dynamics, and thus we interpret our results in terms of collective excitability.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Use of the Ketogenic Diet in Refractory Epilepsy: What We Know and What Still Needs to Be Learned

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2616
Author(s):  
Iwona Maria Zarnowska
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Refractory Epilepsy ◽  
Epileptic Activity ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Modified Atkins Diet ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
The Brain

Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used to treat epilepsy for 100 years. It is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and sufficient-protein-for-growth diet that mimics the metabolic changes occurring during starvation. Except for classic KD, its modified counterparts, including modified Atkins diet and low-glycemic-index treatment, have gained grounds to increase palatability and adherence. Strong evidence exists that the KD offers protection against seizures in difficult-to-treat epilepsy and possesses long-lasting anti-epileptic activity, improving long-term disease outcome. The KD can also provide symptomatic and disease-modifying activity in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. In an era of highly available new anti-seizure medications (ASMs), the challenge of refractory epilepsy has still not been solved. This metabolic therapy is increasingly considered due to unique mechanisms and turns out to be a powerful tool in the hands of a skillful team. Despite decades of extensive research to explain the mechanism of its efficacy, the precise mechanism of action is to date still largely unknown. The key feature of this successful diet is the fact that energy is derived largely from fat but not from carbohydrates. Consequently, fundamental change occurs regarding the method of energy production that causes alterations in numerous biochemical pathways, thus restoring energetic and metabolic homeostasis of the brain. There are barriers during the use of this special and individualized therapy in many clinical settings worldwide. The aim of this review is to revisit the current state of the art of therapeutic application of KD in refractory epilepsy.

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