METAPHORS IN PANTUN FOR WEDDING CEREMONY IN MALAY LANGKAT TRADITION

Pantun is a old poetry of Malay which is used as a means of delivering ideas, attitude, and cultural values (Sri, 2010:6). Along the ceremony of Malaynese Wedding, there are a lot of clauses that are used to express the speaker’s ideas that implies hopes and suggestions to the people. Next, the words of Pantun are also used to express the speaker’s attitude towards the marriage like to entertaint the bride and groom. In addition to delivering ideas and attitudes. Pantun is also used to present the cultural values of Malay that keep the kinship among family members. Words arranged in Pantun in terms of poetic values contain philosophical of life, politeness ethics, laws and society. Malaynese is a closed society to say something cannot be directly but must be coated with words that make its meaning disguised but easy to understand. The purpose of this study is to explain the use of metaphor types in Pantun for Wedding Ceremony in Malay Langkat tradition. The use of metaphor of this study divided into four, like: information function, expressive function, directive funtion, fatigue funtion. This study used descriptive qualitative research. The data of this study were collected from clauses in pantun that reflected metaphor. The realization of metaphors in pantun were especially existed in Hempang pintu, Hempang kipas, and Hempang batang. The result of this study showed that there were expressive function was 16 (53%), information function was 9 (30%), directive funtion was 4 (13%), and fatigue funtion was 1 (4%). Keywords: Metaphor, Pantun, Culture, Malay Wedding Ceremony

The Resolved Mutual Information Function as a Structural Fingerprint of Biomolecular Sequences for Interpretable Machine Learning Classifiers

In the present article we propose the application of variants of the mutual information function as characteristic fingerprints of biomolecular sequences for classification analysis. In particular, we consider the resolved mutual information functions based on Shannon-, Rényi-, and Tsallis-entropy. In combination with interpretable machine learning classifier models based on generalized learning vector quantization, a powerful methodology for sequence classification is achieved which allows substantial knowledge extraction in addition to the high classification ability due to the model-inherent robustness. Any potential (slightly) inferior performance of the used classifier is compensated by the additional knowledge provided by interpretable models. This knowledge may assist the user in the analysis and understanding of the used data and considered task. After theoretical justification of the concepts, we demonstrate the approach for various example data sets covering different areas in biomolecular sequence analysis.

MeiosisOnline: A Manually Curated Database for Tracking and Predicting Genes Associated With Meiosis

Meiosis, an essential step in gametogenesis, is the key event in sexually reproducing organisms. Thousands of genes have been reported to be involved in meiosis. Therefore, a specialist database is much needed for scientists to know about the function of these genes quickly and to search for genes with potential roles in meiosis. Here, we developed “MeiosisOnline,” a publicly accessible, comprehensive database of known functional genes and potential candidates in meiosis (https://mcg.ustc.edu.cn/bsc/meiosis/index.html). A total of 2,052 meiotic genes were manually curated from literature resource and were classified into different categories. Annotation information was provided for both meiotic genes and predicted candidates, including basic information, function, protein–protein interaction (PPI), and expression data. On the other hand, 165 mouse genes were predicted as potential candidates in meiosis using the “Greed AUC Stepwise” algorithm. Thus, MeiosisOnline provides the most updated and detailed information of experimental verified and predicted genes in meiosis. Furthermore, the searching tools and friendly interface of MeiosisOnline will greatly help researchers in studying meiosis in an easy and efficient way.

Indigenous Record Keeping and Hacienda Culture in the Andes: Modern Khipu Accounting on the Island of the Sun, Bolivia

How did khipus—knotted cords that encode information—function within the economic systems of the postcolonial Andes? Best known as the method by which the Incas recorded administrative data, khipu use continued into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Few studies of modern khipus, however, have analyzed how khipu cords were integrated with the institutions of the modern state, such as the hacienda. This article examines a set of modern khipus from the Island of the Sun in Bolivia. These khipus, which contain dried potatoes and beans, are the first ever known to include agricultural produce. Our analysis demonstrates how the circulation of khipu styles within the Island of the Sun was linked to hacienda production, underscoring the intimate relationship between khipus and hacienda culture. Modern herding and crop khipus did not arise out of a generalized Andean consciousness but were products of specific historical and economic circumstances.

Statistical Modeling of Antiemetic Activity of Chemical Compounds

A model has been built linking the molecular structure of drugs with their antiemetic activity. It is shown that the bioactivity of drugs depends on the pseudopotential of the molecule, the information function of the molecule, and the geometric size of the substituents. The critical conditions for the emergence of effective antiemetic activity of molecules have been established. The optimal sizes of the substituents were determined, which correspond to the maximum bioactivity of the drugs. The mechanism of the threshold action of substituted benzamides was revealed.

The “noncausal causality” of quantum information

The paper is concentrated on the special changes of the conception of causalityfrom quantum mechanics to quantum information meaning as a background the revolution implemented by the former to classical physics and science after Max Born’s probabilistic reinterpretation of wave function. Those changes can be enumerated so: (1) quantum information describes the general case of the relation of two wave functions, and particularly, the causal amendment of a single one; (2) it keeps the physical description to be causal by the conservation of quantum information and in accordance with Born’s interpretation; (3) it introduces inverse causality, “backwards in time”, observable “forwards in time” as the fundamentally random probability density distribution of all possible measurements of any physical quantity in quantum mechanics; (4) it involves a kind of “bidirectional causality” unifying (4.1) the classical determinism of cause and effect, (4.2) the probabilistic causality of quantum mechanics, and (4.3) the reversibility of any coherent state; (5) it identifies determinism with the function successor in Peano arithmetic, and its proper generalized causality with the information function successor in Hilbert arithmetic.

Packaging as a Purchase Determinanton the Dietary Supplement Market in Poland

Unit packaging of dietary supplements - an inherent element of their manufacturing, without which they would be impossible to market — has numerous interlocking functions to fulfil, including the protective, transport, information, functional, ecological and marketing functions. The information function, however, is one of the priority functions of dietary supplement packaging. In the era of the continual development of online and self-service stores (including pharmacies), such packaging has become one of the key sources of information about dietary supplements’ features and properties, while also serving as a brand image creator and a carrier of promotional information. This raises the questions of whether and to what extent the unit packaging of dietary supplements influences the purchasing decisions of consumers, what features and elements of such packaging are crucial for consumers in the purchasing process, and what significance supplement packaging has in the purchasing process against the background of other purchasing determinants. Seeking to address these questions, herein we present selected results of an original study conducted in 2019 with a purposely selected sample of 468 dietary supplement consumers in Poland, whose main purpose was to identify the role and significance of packaging as a determinant of purchase in relation to three selected categories of dietary supplements..

The Effect of Multiple-Choice Test Items’ Difficulty Degree on the Reliability Coefficient and the Standard Error of Measurement Depending on the Item Response Theory (IRT)

This study aims at identifying the effect of multiple-choice test items' difficulty degree on the reliability coefficient and the standard error of measurement depending on the item response theory IRT. To achieve the objectives of the study, (WinGen3) software was used to generate the IRT parameters (difficulty, discrimination, guessing) for four forms of the test. Each form consisted of (30) items with different difficulty coefficients averages (-0.24, 0.24, 0.42, 0.93). The resulting items parameters were utilized to generate the ability and responses of (3000) examinees based on the three-parameter model. These data were converted into a readable file using the (SPSS) and the (BILOG-MG3) software. Then the reliability coefficients for the four test forms, the items parameters, and the items information function were calculated, and dependence on the information function values to calculate the standard error of measurement for each item.The results of the study showed that there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the averages of the values of the standard error of measurement attributed to the difference in the difficulty degree of the items in favor of the test with the higher difficulty coefficient. The results also found that there are apparent differences between the test reliability parameters attributed to the difficulty degree of the test according to the three-parameter model in favor of the form with the average difficulty degree.

MONITORING OF GOODS TURNOVER AS A SPECIAL FORM OF STATE CONTROL

The article studies the features of monitoring of goods turnover, including marking of goods, as well as turnover in the state information system of monitoring over turnover of goods involved in the relations of the operator issuing the codes, marking, collecting information, its storage and provision. The marking functions are defined: the function of analysis of wholesale and retail turnover, information function, identifying and control functions