STATISTICAL BRIEFING: TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 ERRORS

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER R. LAMB
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Errors

Errors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Type 2 Errors

This chapter describes types of errors as applied to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of type 1 errors and type 2 errors. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

THE EFFECTS OF L1–L2 PHONOLOGICAL MAPPINGS ON L2 PHONOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1041-1076
Author(s):  
Jeong-eun Kim ◽  
Yejin Cho ◽  
Youngsun Cho ◽  
Yeonjung Hong ◽  
Seohyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Phonological Knowledge ◽  
Phonological Sensitivity ◽  
Type 2 Errors ◽  
English I

AbstractThis study examines the effects of asymmetrical mappings of L2 sounds to L1 sounds on real-time processing of L2 phonology. L1-Korean participants completed a self-paced listening (SPL) task paired with a picture verification (PV) task, in which an English sentence was presented word by word along with a picture that matched or mismatched the sentence. In the critical region, an L2 vowel was deliberately replaced with the wrong vowel for two types of English vowel pairs: Type 1: English vowel pairs showing a one-to-one mapping to Korean counterparts (e.g., English: /i/ and /æ/ to Korean /i/ and /æ/, respectively); and Type 2: English vowel pairs showing a two-to-one mapping to a Korean counterpart (e.g., English /i/ and /ɪ/ to Korean /i/). We analyzed response times (RTs) and PV accuracy. Longer RTs were observed for Type 1 errors than Type 2 errors, indicating lower sensitivity to L2 vowels with two-to-one mapping to an L1 vowel. Also, PV accuracy was lower for the sentences containing Type 2 errors. These results suggest that asymmetrical L2-L1 sound mapping can affect learners’ processing of L2 phonological knowledge, which in turn can negatively affect their comprehension.

Bioassessment of stream ecosystems enduring a decade of simulated degradation: lessons for the real world

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Bailey ◽  
Garry Scrimgeour ◽  
David Coté ◽  
Dan Kehler ◽  
Simon Linke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Reference Condition ◽  
Benthic Macroinvertebrate ◽  
Taxon Richness ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽  
Starting Condition ◽  
Type 2 Errors

The effects on benthic macroinvertebrate communities of simulated degradation of streams enabled evaluation of the effects of starting condition, type of degradation, and biota descriptor on the type 1 and type 2 error rates of bioassessment. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities from five reference streams in the Fraser River basin (British Columbia, Canada) were used as the starting conditions of replicated simulations of the effects of suspended sediments in three temporal patterns (none, one-time severe, constant moderate). The dynamics of the simulated stream communities and the type 1 and type 2 errors associated with bioassessments, as described by (i) taxon richness, (ii) EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) richness, (iii) proportion of EPT individuals in the community, (iv) difference in composition from the median reference community (MCDist), (v) Simpson’s diversity, and (vi) Simpson’s equitability, depended on the combination of starting condition, simpact treatment, and the biota descriptor. To reduce type 1 and type 2 errors in bioassessments using the reference condition approach, bioassessment programs should include (i) matching of test and expected reference communities and refinement of the definition of reference condition and (ii) several biota descriptors that include measures of richness, tolerance, and community composition.

scholarly journals How do Personality and Social Structures Interact with Each other to Predict Important Life Outcomes? The Importance of Accounting for Personality Change

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Boyce ◽  
Alex M. Wood ◽  
Liam Delaney ◽  
Eammon Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Issue ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Type 2 Errors

Personality is important for a range of life outcomes. However, despite evidence that personality changes across time, there is a concerning tendency for researchers outside of personality psychology to treat measures of personality as if they are non–changing when establishing whether personality predicts important life outcomes. This is problematic when personality changes in response to outcomes of interest and creates a methodological issue that may result in misleading conclusions. We illustrate this methodological issue and suggest using measures before the outcome takes place to mitigate concerns. We then demonstrate, using data from Germany, that using post–event personality measures, as opposed to pre–outcome measures, to predict both occurrence of, and reactions to, socio–economic events results in inconsistent conclusions in the directions hypothesized and therefore increases the likelihood of Type 1 and Type 2 errors. This has implications for research investigating the importance of personality for psychological, behavioural, and socio–economic outcomes. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Invited Commentary: Comparing the Independent Segments Procedure with Group Sequential Designs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Lakens
Keyword(s):  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
Sequential Designs ◽  
Equivalence Test ◽  
Group Sequential ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Type 1 Error ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Type 2 Errors

Psychological science would become more efficient if researchers implemented sequential designs where feasible. Miller and Ulrich (2020) propose an independent segments procedure where data can be analyzed at a prespecified number of equally spaced looks while controlling the Type 1 error rate. Such procedures already exist in the sequential analysis literature, and in this commentary I reflect on whether psychologist should choose to adopt these existing procedure instead. I believe limitations in the independent segments procedure make it relatively unattractive. Being forced to stop for futility based on a bound not chosen to control Type 2 errors, or reject a smallest effect size of interest in an equivalence test, limit the inferences one can make. Having to use a prespecified number of equally spaced looks is logistically inconvenient. And not having the flexibility to choose α and β spending functions limit the possibility to design efficient studies based on the goal and limitations of the researcher. Recent software packages such as rpact (Wassmer & Pahlke, 2019) make sequential designs equally easy to perform as the independent segments procedure. While learning new statistical methods always takes time, I believe psychological scientists should start on a path that will not limit them in the flexibility and inferences their statistical procedure provides.

scholarly journals Psychophysical measurements in children: challenges, pitfalls, and considerations

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Witton ◽  
Joel B. Talcott ◽  
G. Bruce Henning
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Lapse Rate ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Adaptive Procedures ◽  
Lapse Rates ◽  
Type 2 Errors ◽  
Response Consistency

Measuring sensory sensitivity is important in studying development and developmental disorders. However, with children, there is a need to balance reliable but lengthy sensory tasks with the child’s ability to maintain motivation and vigilance. We used simulations to explore the problems associated with shortening adaptive psychophysical procedures, and suggest how these problems might be addressed. We quantify how adaptive procedures with too few reversals can over-estimate thresholds, introduce substantial measurement error, and make estimates of individual thresholds less reliable. The associated measurement error also obscures group differences. Adaptive procedures with children should therefore use as many reversals as possible, to reduce the effects of both Type 1 and Type 2 errors. Differences in response consistency, resulting from lapses in attention, further increase the over-estimation of threshold. Comparisons between data from individuals who may differ in lapse rate are therefore problematic, but measures to estimate and account for lapse rates in analyses may mitigate this problem.

scholarly journals Dealing with pre-exposure prophylaxis-associated condom migration: changing the paradigm for men who have sex with men

Sexual Health ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Crosby
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Sexually Transmissible Infections ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Type 2 Errors ◽  
Behavioural Aspects

The behavioural aspects of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are challenging, particularly the issue of condom migration. Three vital questions are: (1) at the population-level, will condom migration lead to increases in non-viral sexually transmissible infections?; (2) how can clinic-based counselling best promote the dual use of condoms and PrEP?; and (3) in future PrEP trials, what are the ‘best practices’ that should be used to avoid type 1 and type 2 errors that arise without accounting for condom use behaviours? This communication piece addresses each question and suggests the risk of a ‘PrEP only’ focus to widening health disparities.

scholarly journals METHOD OF RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES CONTROL EQUIPMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
O. Baranik
Keyword(s):  
Technical Condition ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Control Equipment ◽  
Current State ◽  
Technical Operation ◽  
Type 2 Errors ◽  
And Control

The article analyzes the current state of the fleet of guided air means of destruction (missiles), the problems of repair and extension of the resource. The article substantiates the need for the transition of guided air missile of the "air-to-surface" class to operation according to the technical condition. The shortcomings of the existing inspection system for the technical condition of guided air weapon are shown. For the existing inspection system of technical operation of guided air weapon, one of the areas that will solve the problem of maintaining the combat readiness of aircraft is the transition to the operation of guided air weapon in technical condition. It is shown that the transition of guided air missiles to operation according to the technical condition and modernization of unguided air missiles involves strengthening the role of operations to measure and control their parameters and characteristics in order to determine the actual technical  condition and make informed decisions about their further operation. Peculiarities of appearance of the Type 1 and Type 2 errors during control of a technical condition of aviation armament are presented. A method of increasing the reliability of air-to-surface missile control equipment by conducting control checks in the inter-check interval is proposed. The fundamental difference between the proposed information-redundant model of operation of guided air missiles and the classic model is the introduction into the system of operation a new diagnostic operation - an intermediate control check. Peculiarities of application of the developed method concerning calculation of both quantity of control checks and their periodicity within an inter-check interval are shown.

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