California's Proposition 69: A Dangerous Precedent for Criminal DNA Databases

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Simoncelli ◽  
Barry Steinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Dna Fingerprint ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Dna Databases ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Dna Database ◽  
Initiative Process

On November 2, 2004, California voters approved Proposition 69, “The DNA Fingerprint, Unsolved Crime, and Innocence Protection Act” by a margin of approximately 60 to 40 percent. Given the limited amount of information provided to voters during the initiative process, it is unclear how many of the yea-sayers were apprised of the full implications of this measure. Indeed, by voting “yes” on Proposition 69, California has elected to house the most radical and costly state criminal DNA database in the country. This dangerous expansion of California's database poses tremendous threats to civil liberties and social justice while offering little, if anything, by way of increasing the safety of its citizens.Prior to November 2, California law required the permanent retention of DNA samples from felons convicted of serious, violent crimes. The new law expands the database to include DNA samples from all felons and individuals with past felony convictions - including juveniles - and, beginning in five years, all adults arrested for any felony offense.

California's Proposition 69: A Dangerous Precedent for Criminal DNA Databases

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Simoncelli ◽  
Barry Steinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Dna Fingerprint ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Dna Databases ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Dna Database ◽  
Initiative Process

On November 2, 2004, California voters approved Proposition 69, “The DNA Fingerprint, Unsolved Crime, and Innocence Protection Act” by a margin of approximately 60 to 40 percent. Given the limited amount of information provided to voters during the initiative process, it is unclear how many of the yea-sayers were apprised of the full implications of this measure. Indeed, by voting “yes” on Proposition 69, California has elected to house the most radical and costly state criminal DNA database in the country. This dangerous expansion of California's database poses tremendous threats to civil liberties and social justice while offering little, if anything, by way of increasing the safety of its citizens.Prior to November 2, California law required the permanent retention of DNA samples from felons convicted of serious, violent crimes.

The Social Impact of Sport

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-121
Author(s):  
Joseph Cornelius Spears, Jr. ◽  
Sean T. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
International Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social

The COVID-19 pandemic assumed an international health threat, and in turn, spotlighted the distinct disparities in civil rights, opportunity, and inclusion witnessed by lived experiences of African Americans. Although these harsh disparities have existed through the United States of America's history, the age of technology and mass media in the 21st century allows for a deeper and broader look into the violation of African Americans civil liberties in virtual real time. Also, historically, the sports world has been instrumental in fighting for the civil rights of African Americans; athletes such as Jesse Owens and Muhammed Ali led by example. This chapter will showcase how the sports world continues to support social justice overall and specifically during this international pandemic. The authors will examine contemporary events like the transition in support for Colin Kaepernick's protest against police brutality and the NBA play-off (Bubble) protest in 2020.

Land Concentration, Efficiency, Slavery, and the Jubilee

2010 ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Jacob Rosenberg ◽  
Avi Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
The Bible

The Jubilee, as laid out in the Bible, is generally viewed as a time for celebration—a time during which horns are blown, families reunited, and heirlooms reclaimed. This article focuses on the need for reconsideration of the goals of jubilee. It is a time of freedom, with the release of slaves and the resulting return of their civil liberties, and of social justice, with land sold during the previous fifty years returning to its original owners. Thus, the Jubilee seems to be partially a sociological precept, with its main goal seemingly to achieve a certain degree of equality among people. However, a careful study of the precise decrees raises a number of questions that are difficult to understand when this view of the Jubilee is taken. This article explains the two main goals of Jubilee Laws, the role of slavery, and the clean slate proclamations.

Pedigrees and Perpetrators: Uses of DNA and Genealogy in Forensic Investigations

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 535-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara H. Katsanis
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Genomic Databases ◽  
Dna Databases ◽  
Dna Evidence ◽  
Dna Database ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Polymorphism Data ◽  
Genome Comparisons

In the past few years, cases with DNA evidence that could not be solved with direct matches in DNA databases have benefited from comparing single-nucleotide polymorphism data with private and public genomic databases. Using a combination of genome comparisons and traditional genealogical research, investigators can triangulate distant relatives to the contributor of DNA data from a crime scene, ultimately identifying perpetrators of violent crimes. This approach has also been successful in identifying unknown deceased persons and perpetrators of lesser crimes. Such advances are bringing into focus ethical questions on how much access to DNA databases should be granted to law enforcement and how best to empower public genome contributors with control over their data. The necessary policies will take time to develop but can be informed by reflection on the familial searching policies developed for searches of the federal DNA database and considerations of the anonymity and privacy interests of civilians.

Democracy and Economic Growth: the role of the I.L.O.

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-296
Author(s):  
C. Wilfred Jenks
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Trade Unionism

Throughout the developing world today the accent is upon economic growth. No reasonable man can question this emphasis while inequalities among nations, and inequalities within nations, remain so glaring. Inevitable and healthy as this may be, it raises one fundamental question, Growth for what? Growth for growth's sake? Growth for those astute enough to profit from it? Or growth as an essential concomitant of political stability and social justice for the whole community? There are other searching questions. Is democracy compatible with economic growth? Are human rights and civil liberties, free enterprise and free trade unionism, compatible with growth? Where they conflict, which comes first? or what reasonable compromise can be made?

The Expanding Use of DNA in Law Enforcement: What Role for Privacy?

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Rothstein ◽  
Meghan K. Talbott
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Dna Identification ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Criminal Justice Systems ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Dna Profiles

DNA identification methods are such an established part of our law enforcement and criminal justice systems it is hard to believe that the technologies were developed as recently as the mid-1980s, and that the databases of law enforcement profiles were established in the 1990s. Although the first databases were limited to the DNA profiles of convicted rapists and murderers, the success of these databases in solving violent crimes provided the impetus for Congress and state legislatures to expand the scope of the databases with little critical examination of each expansion's value to law enforcement or cost to privacy and civil liberties.We are now entering a new stage of DNA forensics, in which successive database expansions over the last decade have raised the possibility of creating a population-wide repository. In addition, new applications of DNA profiling, including familial and low stringency searches, have been added to DNA dragnets, the use of medical samples for forensic analysis, and other measures to create a series of crucial, yet largely unexplored, second-generation legal and policy issues.

scholarly journals The United Kingdom (UK)

2020 ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Nina Amelung ◽  
Rafaela Granja ◽  
Helena Machado
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Dna Databases ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Criminal Intelligence ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Dna Database ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
The Uk

Abstract The UK is the possessor of the world’s oldest and largest DNA database by proportion of population: the National Criminal Intelligence DNA Database, established in 1995. As a nation-state that holds one of the world’s largest DNA databases, the UK has been dealing systematically with the societal effects triggered by various ethical controversies. In terms of bordering practices, the UK serves as an example of an ambivalent mode of re- and debordering. This ambivalence derives from the UK’s changing position regarding the Prüm system. In 2014, the UK government, driven by the parliament, decided to opt out of the Prüm Decisions. In 2015, after a Prüm-style pilot project run with other EU Member States, the UK decided to opt in. This decision, nonetheless, included the imposition of limits on other EU countries’ access to the UK’s data. Consequently, the UK’s debordering practices co-exist with rebordering attempts aimed at restricting access to their own data.

scholarly journals A Collective Algorithmic ApproachFor Enhanced DNA Database Security

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-178
Author(s):  
Vijay Arputharaj J ◽  
Dr.R. Manicka Chezian
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Database Security ◽  
Dna Databases ◽  
Parental Identification ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Dna Database ◽  
Encryption Algorithms ◽  
The Individual

The proposed method is a mixture of several security methods namely digital authentication tag along with the data mining in the DNA database. Data mining in the area of human genetics, an important goal is to understand the mapping relationship between the individual variation in human DNA sequences and variability in various algorithms for database security issues, for mutation susceptibility and parental identification differences. This paper primarily deals with the advancement of genetic algorithm with proper security features in DNA Databases and it enhances the special features in DNA database security. Several security methods include encryption algorithms, higher, not as much of multifaceted with trouble-free to apply in DNA Databases, used for protected database. The Reverse Encryption algorithm to protect data,Advance Cryptography algorithm to resist data, also Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is most preferable for security in DNA databases.

Functioning of DNA Database in Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 297 ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Anna Jurga ◽  
◽  
Jakub Mondzelewski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Police Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forensic Dna ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Dna Databases ◽  
Dna Database ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Dna Profiles

Forensic DNA databases that operate in the zone forming an interface between science and law have the purpose of gathering and processing DNA profiles for the needs of law enforcement and judicial authorities responsible for preventing and combating crime. Therefore, their appropriate functioning is important. On one hand, it improves efficiency of police work and, on the other hand, it has to play a required role in protecting citizen rights and personal data. The National DNA Database has functioned in Poland since 2007. Its effectiveness is correlated with the number of stored profiles. Despite small collection the Database has on numerous occasions proven its high usefulness in solving criminal cases. The possibility of carrying out searches in other countries databases, as well as legislative and organisational undertakings aiming at improvement of the Database operation are gradually bringing effects and result in an increased detective potential of this tool.

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