Educational attainment, age at first birth and lifetime fertility: an analysis of Canadian fertility survey data

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl F. Grindstaff ◽  
T.R. Balakrishnan ◽  
David J. Dewit
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth

scholarly journals Polygenic Heterogeneity Across Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Subgroups Defined by a Comorbid Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora I. Strom ◽  
Jakob Grove ◽  
Sandra M. Meier ◽  
Marie Bækvad-Hansen ◽  
Judith Becker Nissen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 65–85% manifest another psychiatric disorder concomitantly or at some other time point during their life. OCD is highly heritable, as are many of its comorbidities. A possible genetic heterogeneity of OCD in relation to its comorbid conditions, however, has not yet been exhaustively explored. We used a framework of different approaches to study the genetic relationship of OCD with three commonly observed comorbidities, namely major depressive disorder (MDD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). First, using publicly available summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies, we compared genetic correlation patterns for OCD, MDD, ADHD, and ASD with 861 somatic and mental health phenotypes. Secondly, we examined how polygenic risk scores (PRS) of eight traits that showed heterogeneous correlation patterns with OCD, MDD, ADHD, and ASD partitioned across comorbid subgroups in OCD using independent unpublished data from the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH). The comorbid subgroups comprised of patients with only OCD (N = 366), OCD and MDD (N = 1,052), OCD and ADHD (N = 443), OCD and ASD (N = 388), and OCD with more than 1 comorbidity (N = 429). We found that PRS of all traits but BMI were significantly associated with OCD across all subgroups (neuroticism: p = 1.19 × 10−32, bipolar disorder: p = 7.51 × 10−8, anorexia nervosa: p = 3.52 × 10−20, age at first birth: p = 9.38 × 10−5, educational attainment: p = 1.56 × 10−4, OCD: p = 1.87 × 10−6, insomnia: p = 2.61 × 10−5, BMI: p = 0.15). For age at first birth, educational attainment, and insomnia PRS estimates significantly differed across comorbid subgroups (p = 2.29 × 10−4, p = 1.63 × 10−4, and p = 0.045, respectively). Especially for anorexia nervosa, age at first birth, educational attainment, insomnia, and neuroticism the correlation patterns that emerged from genetic correlation analysis of OCD, MDD, ADHD, and ASD were mirrored in the PRS associations with the respective comorbid OCD groups. Dissecting the polygenic architecture, we found both quantitative and qualitative polygenic heterogeneity across OCD comorbid subgroups.

Birth Spacing in Pakistan

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeba Sathar
Keyword(s):  
Birth Spacing ◽  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Marriage Age ◽  
Table Analysis ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Account Interaction ◽  
Length Of Interval

SummaryLife table analysis is applied to data from the Pakistan Fertility Survey (1975) to examine the effects on birth spacing of a number of socioeconomic variables. Women of more modern backgrounds seem to space their families more closely, but differ little in achieved family size from the more traditional groups. Important factors are age at marriage, age at first birth, province of residence, and whether the woman had ever used contraception. Multivariate analysis taking into account interaction between variables shows that education, urban-rural residence, and province exert independent effects, and so does the cohort of the mother. But the variable with the strongest effect on length of interval, other than that from marriage to first birth, is duration of breast-feeding.

Age at first birth and lifetime fertility

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Balakrishnan ◽  
K. Vaninadha Rao ◽  
Karol J. Krotki ◽  
Evelyne Lapierre-Adamcyk
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Cumulative Fertility ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Late Starters

SummaryAmong a national sample of Canadian women in the Canadian National Fertility Survey of 1984, the excess cumulative fertility of those who started their families early over others has steadily decreased. A difference of approximately two births between early and late starters among older women is reduced to approximately half a child among the younger women. Except for those who start childbearing after age 25, there is little evidence of attempts to catch up after age 30, irrespective of starting age.

Covariates of age at first birth in Guyana: a hazards model analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Vaninadha Rao ◽  
Komanduri S. Murty
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Urban Residence ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Early Entry ◽  
Hazards Model ◽  
First Birth Timing

SummaryAnalysis of data from the Guyana Fertility Survey on the trends and covariates of age at first birth among various birth cohorts of women ever in union indicates that an early entry into union is associated with young age at first birth and higher number of children born. Multivariate analysis showed that women with highér education, urban residence, and entry into union at age 20 or older among younger cohorts experienced lower risks for first birth compared to others, and that young women are delaying their first birth for longer durations than older women. Work status of women before first birth and the starting age of union seem to be the two major contributory factors for age at first birth. Noticeably, the role of education has changed and is now more significant among younger cohorts than among older ones for first birth timing.

scholarly journals Polygenic heterogeneity across obsessive-compulsive disorder subgroups defined by a comorbid diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora I Strom ◽  
Jakob I Grove ◽  
Sandra M Meier ◽  
Marie Baekvad-Hansen ◽  
Judith Becker Nissen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 65-85% manifest another psychiatric disorder concomitantly or at some other time point during their life. OCD is highly heritable, as are many of its comorbidities. A possible genetic heterogeneity of OCD in relation to its comorbid conditions, however, has not yet been exhaustively explored. We used a framework of different approaches to study the genetic relationship of OCD with three commonly observed comorbidities, namely major depressive disorder (MDD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). First, using publicly available summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies, we compared genetic correlation patterns for OCD, MDD, ADHD, and ASD with 861 somatic and mental health phenotypes. Secondly, we examined how polygenic risk scores (PRS) of eight traits that showed heterogeneous correlation patterns with OCD, MDD, ADHD, and ASD partitioned across comorbid subgroups in OCD using independent unpublished data from the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH). The comorbid subgroups comprised of patients with only OCD (N = 366), OCD and MDD (N = 1052), OCD and ADHD (N = 443), OCD and ASD (N = 388), and OCD with more than 1 comorbidity (N = 429). We found that PRS of all traits but BMI were significantly associated with OCD across all subgroups (neuroticism: p = 1.19x10-32, bipolar disorder: p = 7.51x10-8, anorexia nervosa: p = 3.52x10-20, age at first birth: p = 9.38x10-5, educational attainment: p = 1.56x10-4, OCD: p = 1.87x10-6, insomnia: p = 2.61x10-5, BMI: p = 0.15). For age at first birth, educational attainment, and insomnia PRS estimates significantly differed across comorbid subgroups (p = 2.29x10-4, p = 1.63x10-4, and p = 0.045 respectively). Especially for anorexia nervosa, age at first birth, educational attainment, insomnia, and neuroticism the correlation patterns that emerged from genetic correlation analysis of OCD, MDD, ADHD, and ASD were mirrored in the PRS associations with the respective comorbid OCD groups. Dissecting the polygenic architecture, we found both quantitative and qualitative polygenic heterogeneity across OCD comorbid subgroups.

scholarly journals Variations in reproductive events across life: a pooled analysis of data from 505 147 women across 10 countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Natural Menopause ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Reproductive Events ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Reproductive Indices

Abstract STUDY QUESTION How has the timing of women’s reproductive events (including ages at menarche, first birth, and natural menopause, and the number of children) changed across birth years, racial/ethnic groups and educational levels? SUMMARY ANSWER Women who were born in recent generations (1970–84 vs before 1930) or those who with higher education levels had menarche a year earlier, experienced a higher prevalence of nulliparity and had their first child at a later age. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The timing of key reproductive events, such as menarche and menopause, is not only indicative of current health status but is linked to the risk of adverse hormone-related health outcomes in later life. Variations of reproductive indices across different birth years, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic positions have not been described comprehensively. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Individual-level data from 23 observational studies that contributed to the International Collaboration for a Life Course Approach to Reproductive Health and Chronic Disease Events (InterLACE) consortium were included. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Altogether 505 147 women were included. Overall estimates for reproductive indices were obtained using a two-stage process: individual-level data from each study were analysed separately using generalised linear models. These estimates were then combined using random-effects meta-analyses. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Mean ages were 12.9 years at menarche, 25.7 years at first birth, and 50.5 years at natural menopause, with significant between-study heterogeneity (I2 > 99%). A linear trend was observed across birth year for mean age at menarche, with women born from 1970 to 1984 having menarche one year earlier (12.6 years) than women born before 1930 (13.5 years) (P for trend = 0.0014). The prevalence of nulliparity rose progressively from 14% of women born from 1940–49 to 22% of women born 1970–84 (P = 0.003); similarly, the mean age at first birth rose from 24.8 to 27.3 years (P = 0.0016). Women with higher education levels had fewer children, later first birth, and later menopause than women with lower education levels. After adjusting for birth year and education level, substantial variation was present for all reproductive events across racial/ethnic/regional groups (all P values < 0.005). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Variations of study design, data collection methods, and sample selection across studies, as well as retrospectively reported age at menarche, age at first birth may cause some bias. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This global consortium study found robust evidence on variations in reproductive indices for women born in the 20th century that appear to have both biological and social origins. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) InterLACE project is funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council project grant (APP1027196). GDM is supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Principal Research Fellowship (APP1121844).

Antebellum Southern White Fertility: A Demographic and Economic Analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Steckel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Demographic Analysis ◽  
First Birth ◽  
Distribution Of Wealth ◽  
Socioeconomic Analysis ◽  
Family Limitation ◽  
Child Spacing

This paper investigates the decline and regional differential in antebellum southern white fertility using published census materials and the 1860 population schedules. Demographic analysis is conducted with a synthetic total fertility rate that has four components: age at first birth, age at last surviving birth, surviving-child spacing, and the proportion of women who eventually have surviving children. The socioeconomic analysis employs regressions and focuses on causes of the underlying changes in the components. Family limitation appears to have been unimportant in this population. The distribution of wealth was.probably an important factor shaping the time trend and regional differential in fertility.

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