scholarly journals Optimum Soil Water Content for Chickpea Emergence in Heavy-Textured Soils of North-West Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Vance ◽  
R. W. Bell ◽  
C. Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
North West

scholarly journals Optimum time of sowing for rainfed winter chickpea with one-pass mechanised row-sowing: an example for small-holder farms in north-west Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 602 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Vance ◽  
R. W. Bell ◽  
C. Johansen ◽  
M. E. Haque ◽  
A. M. Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
North West ◽  
Sowing Dates

The time of sowing chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the High Barind Tract of north-west Bangladesh is critical to crop success. To ensure adequate emergence and subsequent crop growth, chickpea relies on residual soil moisture stored in the profile after rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in the preceding rainy season. With the development of mechanised, one-pass minimum tillage sowing, the time between rice harvest and chickpea sowing is decreased, and temperature constraints that limit biomass and/or pod formation and filling may be avoided. Minimum tillage may also limit evaporation from the soil surface compared with traditional, full cultivation procedures. The objective of this study was to identify the optimum sowing time to achieve adequate crop establishment and limit exposure of the chickpea crop to terminal drought and heat stress later in the growing season. Over three experimental seasons, chickpea sowing dates were spread from 22 November to 22 December. Soil water content, crop growth and temperature were monitored to determine the optimum sowing time. Over all seasons and sowing dates, the volumetric soil water content in the seedbed under minimum tillage remained within 17–34%, a range non-limiting for chickpea establishment in glasshouse and field experiments. Late planting (after 10 December) exposed seedlings to low temperatures (<15°C), which limited biomass formation and extended the vegetative growth phase into periods with high maximum temperatures (>35°C), resulting in unfilled pods and depressed grain yield. The preferred sowing time was determined to be 30 November to 10 December to reduce the risk of high temperatures and low soil water content during chickpea reproductive growth causing terminal heat and drought stress, respectively. Mechanised sowing in one operation allows farmers to optimise their time of sowing to match seed requirements for soil water at emergence and may assist farmers to avoid temperature stresses (both low and high) that constrain chickpea vegetative and reproductive growth.

Root length density and soil water distribution in drip-irrigated olive orchards in Argentina under arid conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Searles ◽  
Diego A. Saravia ◽  
M. Cecilia Rousseaux
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Drip Line ◽  
North West ◽  
Intensively Managed

Several studies have evaluated many above-ground aspects of olive production, but essential root system characteristics have been little examined. The objective of our study was to evaluate root length density (RLD) and root distribution relative to soil water content in three commercial orchards (north-west Argentina). Depending on the orchard, the different drip emitter arrangements included either: (1) emitters spaced continuously at 1-m intervals along the drip line (CE-4; 4 emitters per tree); (2) 4 emitters per tree spaced at 1-m intervals, but with a space of 2 m between emitters of neighbouring trees (E-4); or (3) 2 emitters per tree with 4 m between emitters of neighbouring trees (E-2). All of the orchards included either var. Manzanilla fina or Manzanilla reina trees (5–8 years old) growing in sandy soils, although the specific characteristics of each orchard differed. Root length density values (2.5–3.5 cm/cm3) in the upper soil depth (0–0.5 m) were fairly uniform along the drip line in the continuous emitter (CE-4) orchard. In contrast, roots were more concentrated in the E-4 and E-2 orchards, in some cases with maximum RLD values of up to 7 cm/cm3. Approximately 70% of the root system was located in the upper 0.5 m of soil depth, and most of the roots were within 0.5 m of the drip line. For each of the three orchards, significant linear relationships between soil water content and RLD were detected based on 42 sampling positions that included various distances from the trunk and soil depths. Values of RLD averaged over the entire rooting zone and total tree root length per leaf area for the three orchards were estimated to range from 0.19 to 0.48 cm/cm3 and from 1.8 to 3.5 km/m2, respectively. These results should reduce the uncertainty associated with the magnitude of RLD values under drip irrigation as intensively managed olive orchards continue to expand in established and new growing regions.

Effects of continuous and seasonal grazing strategies on the herbage mass, persistence, animal productivity and soil water content of a Sirosa phalaris - subterranean clover pasture, North-West Slopes, New South Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
S. R. Murphy ◽  
S. Harden
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
North West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Continuous Grazing

An experimental site was established in 1997 on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales to further investigate the use of strategic grazing management to improve the persistence of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica cv.�Sirosa) and subsequent effects on animal production and soil water content. The pasture was sown in 1992 to Sirosa phalaris, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum var. subterraneum cv. Seaton Park) and lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Aurora). Four grazing treatments were applied in a randomised 3-replicate design. Treatments consisted of continuous grazing at 12.3 sheep/ha (C12 or control); continuous grazing at 6 sheep/ha (C6), and 2� spring and autumn strategies of either resting from grazing for 6 weeks in each season (SAR0), or reducing stocking rate from 12.3 to 4.0 sheep/ha (SAR4). Despite annual applications of fertiliser and high clover content, Sirosa phalaris herbage mass in plots continuously grazed at 12.3 sheep/ha declined from a mean of 3300 kg DM/ha in spring 1997 to < 700 kg DM/ha by May 1998. At the end of the study (February 2001), Sirosa mean herbage mass in these plots was 670 kg DM/ha and lower (P < 0.05) than for the other treatments (mean value 5400 kg DM/ha). These marked changes in herbage mass, and the degradation of the Sirosa-based pasture to an annual pasture by continuous grazing at 12.3 sheep/ha, were not generally reflected in either short-term animal production or substantial differences in soil water content. Wool production (kg/head) was not significantly different among treatments each year. Compared with continuous grazing at 12.3 sheep/ha, sheep liveweights were higher (P < 0.05) in plots continuously grazed at 6.1 sheep/ha from November 1997 to February 1999. However, from February 1999 to 2001, sheep liveweights in the 2 treatments with the highest Sirosa phalaris content were lower (P < 0.05) than those continuously grazed at 12.3 sheep/ha. Only the soil water content for the C6 and SAR4 treatments at 0–30�cm was significantly different to the control treatment, but the differences were predicted to be < 2.5 mm/year. In the root zone (0–90 cm), mean soil water content ranged from 159 to 309 mm (mean 220 mm), while plant available water (soil water content – soil water content at –1500 kPa) was a mean of 79 mm, ranging from 11 to 168 mm.

Utility of a simple soil water budget model in agronomic research. 2. Estimates of available soil water in relation to profile changes of soil water content and potential

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Fawcett ◽  
OG Carter
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Budget Model ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Profile Changes

A study was made of the effects of plant density, time-of-sowing and level of fallow water on profile changes in soil water content and potential during the growing season of spring wheat. The pattern of soil moisture extraction was affected by all treatments although water depletion occurred chiefly in the 0-90 cm zone. The results are discussed in relation to limitations of a simple soil water budget model and to wheat cropping on the north-west slopes and plains of New South Wales.

Soil disturbance levels, soil water content and the establishment of rainfed chickpea: Mechanised seeding options for smallholder farms in north‐west Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy H. Vance ◽  
Richard W. Bell ◽  
Chris Johansen ◽  
M. Enamul Haque ◽  
Abu M. Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
North West

Root depth of native and sown perennial grass-based pastures, North-West Slopes, New South Wales. 2. Estimates from changes in soil water content

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 347 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Murphy ◽  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Root Depth ◽  
North West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Native Pasture

Root depth of pasture is an important hydrological parameter that has substantial implications for the use of rainfall by plants and in estimating deep drainage using biophysical modelling. Studies were undertaken for native and sown perennial grass-based pastures on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales to investigate 4 approaches that may identify the depth of plant roots based on objective assessments of change in soil water content (SWC). The 4 approaches were to examine traces of SWC measured with a neutron moisture meter (NMM) at about 4-week intervals (0–210 cm profile at 20-cm increments) for defined periods with root depth interpreted as, (i) the maximum depth at which there was a distinct decrease in SWC, (ii) the maximum depth at which there was a >0.01 m3/m3 decrease in SWC, (iii) the uppermost depth at which the change in SWC was significant using t0.05, and (iv) the uppermost depth at which the daily rate of change in SWC was significant using t0.05. For each of these approaches, 4 preliminary criteria were applied as filters to the SWC data before they were used in these analyses, (i) the depth of NMM tubes and maximum depth of measurement of SWC was greater than the anticipated pasture root depth, (ii) the depth of initial profile wetting was greater than the anticipated pasture root depth, (iii) there was a drying period of >3 months duration in the major pasture growth phase to allow pastures to extract soil water to the maximum extent, and (iv) the SWC was measured at a sufficient frequency to determine extraction of soil water by roots. SWC data were available from spring 1997 to spring 2001 for Barraba (45 access tubes, native pasture), Manilla (45 tubes, native pasture) and Nundle (36 tubes, sown pasture). Analyses of monthly rainfall compared with mean values identified 3 times where substantial rainfall was followed by an extended drying period. These periods occurred in 1998, 1999 and 2000. SWC data for the 1998 drying period best met all the preliminary filters, particularly criteria (ii) and (iii). Root depth values estimated from these data using the 4 approaches were not significantly different for Barraba (188 ± 4 to 190 ± 3 cm, n = 45), Nundle (142 ± 5 to 143 ± 7 cm, n = 13) and Manilla Red Chromosol (164 ± 7 to 176 ± 7 cm, n = 14), but were significantly different for Manilla Brown Vertosol (98 ± 7 to 121 ± 7 cm, n = 23). It was concluded that reliable estimates of root depth may be readily obtained for a range of soils and environments by firstly applying the 4 simple criteria used in these studies to the SWC data and by determining the depth of significant drying using t0.05. The depth of significant drying approach was the most objective, providing consistent results among sites and accounting for variance among NMM counts and tubes in these studies.

SOIL WATER CONTENT AFFECTS THE AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHATE

1985 ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
M.C.H.Mouat Pieter Nes
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Equivalent Reduction

Reduction in water content of a soil increased the concentration of ammonium and nitrate in solution, but had no effect on the concentration of phosphate. The corresponding reduction in the quantity of phosphate in solution caused an equivalent reduction in the response of ryegrass to applied phosphate. Keywords: soil solution, soil water content, phosphate, ryegrass, nutrition.

Effect of inter-row cultivation on soil carbon dioxide emission in a peach plantation

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tóth ◽  
Cs. Farkas
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Volumetric Soil Water Content

Soil biological properties and CO2emission were compared in undisturbed grass and regularly disked rows of a peach plantation. Higher nutrient content and biological activity were found in the undisturbed, grass-covered rows. Significantly higher CO2fluxes were measured in this treatment at almost all the measurement times, in all the soil water content ranges, except the one in which the volumetric soil water content was higher than 45%. The obtained results indicated that in addition to the favourable effect of soil tillage on soil aeration, regular soil disturbance reduces soil microbial activity and soil CO2emission.

Evaluation of a Multi-Rod Probe Performance for Accurate Measurements of Soil Water Content

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Szerement ◽  
Aleksandra Woszczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Szyplowska ◽  
Marcin Kafarski ◽  
Arkadiusz Lewandowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content

Effects of soil water content and temperature on Bt protein degradation in leaves at thinning stage and buds of Bt cotton

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-307
Author(s):  
Meijun ZHANG ◽  
Wude YANG ◽  
Meichen FENG ◽  
Yun DUAN ◽  
Mingming TANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Bt Protein
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