Techniques and Quality of Ironic, Cynical, and Sarcastic Expressions in Ahmad Tohari’s Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk Trilogy Indonesian – English Translation

Many ironic, cynical, and sarcastic expressions are found in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk trilogy. Because of the differences of situational context and cultural background, it is not easy for the target readers to grab the information and mission or messages delivered by Ahmad Tohari in the source text. Some techniques might be chosen by the translator. The accuracy, acceptability or naturalness, and readability of the ironic, cynical, and sarcastic expressions should also be considered. The aims of the study were first to identify the translation techniques of ironic, cynical, and sarcastic expression in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk trilogy from Indonesian into English, and the second, to explore the translation accuracy, acceptability, and readability of translating ironic, cynical, and sarcastic expression in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk trilogy from Indonesian into English. The object of this study was Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk trilogy written by Ahmad Tohari translated by Rene T.A. Lysloff. This study employed embedded research design. It combined or integrated qualitative and quantitative data. The data analysis was deductively built from particular to general. The result of the translation techniques analysis shows that the most dominant translation techniques are established equivalent, reduction, and modulation. Based on the analysis, it reveals that the translation quality of ironic expression translation possesses the highest score compared with cynic and sarcastic expressions translation. It can be concluded that translation techniques influence the translation quality. It might be suggested for the future researchers to investigate how translation technique influences the translation quality.

Indonesian Fine Art Terms and Their English Equivalence

The objective of this study is to identify the procedures of translation of fine art terms from English into Indonesian found in the catalog of Kun Adnyana's paintings entitled Candra Sangkala and to identify linguistic phenomena that arise from the translation. The catalog promotes the work of art and provides as much information as possible so that the work of the artist can be more widely appreciated. Therefore, the specific terms used in this fine art text should be translated appropriately in order to communicate the messages accurately, readably and naturally. The method used in this research was qualitative method which was conducted by doing content analysis in accordance with the theories of translation. This study found that the translation of fine art terms from Indonesian to English was conducted through seven procedures, namely couplet consisting of shift and reduction and expansion, second couplet, which is the combination of shift and literal translation, descriptive equivalent, reduction and expansion, literal translation, shift, and transference. The application of these procedures lead to two interesting phenomena that occur in the translation of Indonesian-English translation of fine art terms, i.e. (1) the use of equivalents that are previously naturalized from English into Indonesian and several terms that are literally translated and (2) the combination of more than one procedure of translation that is irrefutable in translating phrases. All of the procedures were utilized to meet the accuracy, naturalness and acceptability in translation.

Efficiency of grey wolf optimization algorithm for damage detection of skeletal structures via expanded mode shapes

Vibration-based structural damage identification through optimization techniques has become an interesting research topic in recent years. Dynamic characteristics such as frequencies and mode shapes are used to construct the objective function. The objective functions based on only frequencies are not very sensitive to damage in large structures. However, objective functions based on both mode shapes and frequencies are very effective. In real measurement condition, the number of installed sensors is limited, and there are no economic reasons for measuring the mode shapes at all degrees of freedom. In this kind of circumstances, mode expansion methods are used to address the incompleteness of mode shapes. In this article, the system equivalent reduction and expansion process is applied to determine the unmeasured mode shapes. Two experimental examples including a cantilever beam and a truss tower are investigated to show system equivalent reduction and expansion process’ efficiency in estimating unmeasured mode shapes. The results show that the technique used for expansion is influential. Damage identification is formulated as an optimization problem, and the residual force vector based on expanded mode shapes is considered as an objective function. In order to minimize the objective function, grey wolf optimization and Harris hawks optimization are used. Numerical studies on a 56-bar dome space truss and experimental validation on a steel frame are performed to demonstrate the efficiency of the developed approach. Both numerical and experimental results indicate that the combination of the grey wolf optimization and expanded mode shapes with system equivalent reduction and expansion process can provide a reliable approach for determining the severities and locations of damage of skeletal structures when it compares with those obtained by Harris hawks optimization.

Bilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Elderly Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Case-Control Study

BACKGROUND Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) is an effective adjunctive therapy for Parkinson disease. Studies have shown improvement of motor function but often exclude patients older than 75 yr. OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and effectiveness of STN DBS in patients 75 yr and older. METHODS A total of 104 patients (52 patients >75 yr old, 52 patients <75 yr old) with STN DBS were paired and retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome was change in Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) subscale III at 1 yr postoperatively, OFF medication. Secondary outcomes were changes in UPDRS I, II, and IV subscales and levodopa equivalents. Complications and all-cause mortality were assessed at 30 d and 1 yr. RESULTS Both cohorts had significant improvements in UPDRS III at 6 mo and 1 yr with no difference between cohorts. Change in UPDRS III was noninferior to the younger cohort. The cohorts had similar worsening in UPDRS I at 1 yr, no change in UPDRS II, similar improvement in UPDRS IV, and similar levodopa equivalent reduction. There were similar numbers of postoperative intracerebral hemorrhages (2/52 in each cohort, more severe in the older cohort) and surgical complications (4/52 in each cohort), and mortality in the older cohort was similar to an additional matched cohort not receiving DBS. CONCLUSION STN DBS provides substantial motor benefit and reduction in levodopa equivalents with a low rate of complications in older patients, which is also noninferior to the benefit in younger patients. STN DBS remains an effective therapy for those over 75 yr.

Two Equivalent Reduction Methods of Dielectric Constant Tensor for Hexagonal Crystal System Materials

Hexagonal crystal system materials have very important applications in modern society. Dielectric constant tensor of hexagonal crystal system materials is simplified only by the formula in a hexagonal coordinate system, not by the formula often seen in current Chinese solid state physics textbooks. Meanwhile, the equivalence of hexagonal coordinate system and rectangular coordinate system is presented in the paper.

Damage Detection of Truss Structures by Reduction of Degrees of Freedom Using the Serep Method

Damage detection of bridge structures during their operating lifetime is essential. In this paper, two approaches, All Degrees of Freedom and Reduction of the Degrees of Freedom methods, are used to detect the damages in structures. The first method considers All Degrees of Freedom of the structure and the second method, Reduction of the Degrees of Freedom. Since the sensors are installed only on a few degrees of freedom, the responses are available for some of them. The Degrees of Freedom must be reduced and System Equivalent Reduction Expansion Process method is one of the most efficient ways to solve the problem. This research aimed to identify the damage of structures using the Modal Strain Energy method by reducing the structural degree of freedom. Two standard examples are used and the results compared to different damage cases to examine the efficiency of the mentioned method. The results illustrated the proper performance of the Reduction of the Degrees of Freedom method to identify the damage in truss structures. By increasing the number of modes, Reduction of the Degrees of Freedom method detects considerably more accurate the damaged elements, especially when the noise is considered. Also, based on the outcomes to identify damaged elements, it is possible to consider more modes instead of more sensors.

Buddhist Vegetarianism Views on Equivalent Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in China from 2017 to 2027

The impact of Buddhist vegetarianism views on the equivalent reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE s) is evaluated. The vegetarianism views from three major Buddhist schools in China are first presented, since different views on vegetarianism can dictate the assessment of the equivalent of GHGE reduction. The populations of Chinese Buddhists in these three Buddhist schools are then estimated. A correlation formula is used to evaluate the equivalent GHGE reductions attributed to the vegan and vegetarian populations in the Chinese Buddhists from 2017 to 2027. The reduction results enable us to conclude that Chinese Buddhists with vegan or vegetarian diets account for the equivalent GHGE reduction of 54.560 MtCO2e in 2017 and 60.927 MtCO2e in 2027 with an average annual growth rate of 1.11 %. The reductions of 54.560 and 60.927 MtCO2e equal to 11.66 % and 13.02 % of the total GHGE s from the United Kingdom in 2016, respectively.

Techniques of Translating Adele’s 25 Album into Indonesian and The Naturalness Quality

This research focuses on analyzing the use of translation techniques and the naturalness of the translated lyrics. The objectives of the study were to investigate the translation techniques used to translate song lyrics and to identify the naturalness in translated lyrics of Adele's 25 album songs. This research was done qualitatively. This research applied the translation technique classification proposed by Molina and Albir (2002:509-511) and the naturalness assessment proposed by Nababan (2012). Data analysis was done by comparing the original language and the translated lyrics version to find out the most used of translation techniques. The rater survey was also done by asking 20 respondents to find out the naturalness level of the translated lyrics. The results of the study showed that there were 276 data of the translated lyrics and 11 translation techniques found in this research. Literal translation technique was the most frequent used, followed by Linguistic compression. Some other translation techniques were used moderately such as, Established equivalent, reduction, and discursive creation. The rest techniques were used in low frequency such as modulation, amplification, compensation, linguistic amplification, transposition, and particularization. In terms of naturalness assessed by twenty respondents found that around 61.95% of the data were considered natural translation, 28.80% were less natural and 9.23% were unnatural. The translation techniques with the highest naturalness were Linguistic amplification technique with a percentage 68.18%, particularization was contributing most to less natural translation with percentage 45%, and the transposition technique was contributing most to unnatural translation with percentage 23%. From the data, it can be concluded that the translated lyrics of Adele's 25 album were mostly natural. Keywords: Song; Lyric; Translation Techniques; Naturalness

An Identification of the unbalanced magnetic pull in generator at excitation and the hydropower machine model validation

A mechanical vibration inverse analysis has been performed on 150MW hydro-power machine in order to identify unbalanced magnetic pull. FEM model of the machine is developed according to design data. The System Equivalent Reduction Expansion Process is involved in model validation during the power-machine experimental run. The unbalanced magnetic pull in the generator is calculated from the verified model and monitored data.