SUMMARYBovine κ-caseinoglycopeptides (i.e. residues 106–169, CGP) were prepared from κ-casein digested with rennin and a commercial whey protein concentrate. CGP from whey protein concentrate was further divided into seven CGP fractions having different carbohydrate compositions using FPLC. Unfractionated CGP inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-induced proliferative responses of mouse spleen cells and rabbit Peyer's patch cells. The unfractionated CGP also inhibited antibody responses to sheep red blood cells in mouse spleen cell cultures. However, seven CGP fractions having zero to fiveN-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) residues had different inhibitory effects on both LPS- and PHA-induced proliferative responses of mouse spleen cells. The inhibitory effect on PHA-induced proliferative responses increased with increasing numbers of NANA residues, whereas that on LPS-induced proliferation was highest with the CGP fraction having two NANA residues. Both inhibitory effects decreased significantly after neuraminidase or chymotrypsin digestion. These findings indicate that both the carbohydrate (particularly the NANA residues) and the polypeptide portions are essential for inhibitory effects on LPS- and PHA-induced proliferative responses of mouse spleen cells.
Inhibitory effect of whey protein concentrate on SARS‐CoV‐2‐targeted furin activity and spike protein‐ACE2 binding in methotrexate‐induced lung damage
