Role of duodenal mucosal nerve endings in the acid-induced duodenogastric sensorimotor reflex: Effect of benzocaine in healthy humans

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. e353-e361 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Vanuytsel ◽  
G. Karamanolis ◽  
R. Vos ◽  
L. Van Oudenhove ◽  
R. Farré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Reflex Effect

scholarly journals THE ORGANIZATION AND INNERVATION OF THE LUMINESCENT ORGAN IN A FIREFLY, PHOTURIS PENNSYLVANICA (COLEOPTERA)

1963 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Tracheal Epithelium ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Physiological Evidence ◽  
Effector System

The organization of the luminescent organ of an adult firefly has been studied with the electron microscope, and particular attention has been given to the disposition of nerve terminals within the organ. The cytological structure of the cells of the tracheal system, the peripheral and terminal axons, the photocytes and the cells of the dorsal ("reflecting") layer is described. Previous observations on the peripheral course of nerve branches alongside the tracheal trunks at the level of the dorsal layer and photocyte epithelium have been confirmed, and specialised nerve endings containing axoplasmic components structurally identical with "synaptic vesicles" and "neurosecretory droplets" have been identified, not in association with the surface of the photocytes, but lying between the apposed surfaces of two components of the tracheal epithelium: the tracheal end-cell and the tracheolar cell. These cytological findings are discussed in terms of available biochemical and physiological evidence concerning the mechanism of light emission in the firefly, especially with respect to the possible role of chemical "transmitter" action in triggering a response in a luminescent effector system.

Regulation of free fatty acid metabolism by insulin in humans: role of lipolysis and reesterification

2006 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. E1063-E1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Campbell ◽  
M. G. Carlson ◽  
J. O. Hill ◽  
N. Nurjhan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Dose ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Maximal Suppression

The regulation of lipolysis, free fatty acid appearance into plasma (FFA R(a)), an FFA reesterification and oxidation were examined in seven healthy humans infused intravenously with insulin at rates of 4, 8, 25, and 400 mU.m-2.min-1. Glycerol and FFA R(a) were determined by isotope dilution methods, and FFA oxidation was calculated by indirect calorimetry or by measurement of expired 14CO2 from infused [1-14C]palmitate. These measurements were used to calculate total FFA reesterification, primary FFA reesterification occurring within the adipocyte, and secondary reesterification of circulating FFA molecules. Lipolysis, FFA R(a), and secondary FFA reesterification were exquisitely insulin sensitive [the insulin concentrations that produced half-maximal suppression (EC50), 106 +/- 26, 91 +/- 20 vs. 80 +/- 16 pM, P = not significant] in contrast to insulin suppression of FFA oxidation (EC50, 324 +/- 60, all P < 0.01). The absolute rate of primary FFA reesterification was not affected by the increase in insulin concentration, but the proportion of FFA molecules undergoing primary reesterification doubled over the physiological portion of the insulin dose-response curve (from 0.23 +/- 0.06 to 0.44 +/- 0.07, P < 0.05). This served to magnify insulin suppression of FFA R(a) twofold. In conclusion, insulin regulates FFA R(a) by inhibition of lipolysis while maintaining a constant rate of primary FFA reesterification.

Biochemical Evidence on the Role of Gangliosides in Nerve-Endings

1976 ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Morgan ◽  
G. Tettamanti ◽  
G. Gombos
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Biochemical Evidence

Role of A2a Receptors in the Hippocampus and Motor Nerve Endings

1995 ◽  
pp. 251-261
Author(s):  
Ana M. Sebastião ◽  
Rodrigo A. Cunha ◽  
Paulo Correia-de-Sá ◽  
Alexandre de Mendonça ◽  
J. Alexandre Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
A2a Receptors

scholarly journals Detrimental Role of High Dietary Phosphate Intake on Skeletal Muscle ATP Synthesis in Healthy Humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Areeb Afridi ◽  
Ursa Bezan Petric ◽  
Jimin Ren ◽  
Craig Malloy ◽  
Wanpen Vongpatanasin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Phosphate Intake ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Dietary Phosphate

scholarly journals The role of endogenous serotonin in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity to dopamine nerve endings of the striatum

2010 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Thomas ◽  
Mariana Angoa Pérez ◽  
Dina M. Francescutti-Verbeem ◽  
Mrudang M. Shah ◽  
Donald M. Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Endings

Role of presynaptic N-, P- and L-type Ca2+ channels in NO-induced VIP release from isolated enteric nerve endings of the rat ileum

1998 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. A782
Author(s):  
M. Kurjak ◽  
R. Fritsch ◽  
H.D. Allescher
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Rat Ileum ◽  
Ca2 Channels

Neutral Sphingomyelinase is an Affective Valence-Dependent Regulator of Learning and Memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liubov S Kalinichenko ◽  
Laila Abdel-Hafiz ◽  
An-Li Wang ◽  
Christiane Mühle ◽  
Nadine Rösel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Affective Valence ◽  
Neutral Sphingomyelinase ◽  
Healthy Humans

Abstract Sphingolipids and enzymes of the sphingolipid rheostat determine synaptic appearance and signaling in the brain, but sphingolipid contribution to normal behavioral plasticity is little understood. Here we asked how the sphingolipid rheostat contributes to learning and memory of various dimensions. We investigated the role of these lipids in the mechanisms of two different types of memory, such as appetitively and aversively motivated memory, which are considered to be mediated by different neural mechanisms. We found an association between superior performance in short- and long-term appetitively motivated learning and regionally enhanced neutral sphingomyelinase (NSM) activity. An opposite interaction was observed in an aversively motivated task. A valence-dissociating role of NSM in learning was confirmed in mice with genetically reduced NSM activity. This role may be mediated by the NSM control of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit expression. In a translational approach, we confirmed a positive association of serum NSM activity with long-term appetitively motivated memory in nonhuman primates and in healthy humans. Altogether, these data suggest a new sphingolipid mechanism of de-novo learning and memory, which is based on NSM activity.

Neutralization of TNF does not influence endotoxininduced changes in thyroid hormone metabolism in humans

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (2) ◽  
pp. R357-R362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom van der Poll ◽  
Erik Endert ◽  
Susette M. Coyle ◽  
Jan M. Agosti ◽  
Stephen F. Lowry
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Transient Rise ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Control Study

To determine the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in endotoxin-induced changes in plasma thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations, 24 healthy postabsorptive humans were studied on a control study day ( n= 6), after infusion of a recombinant TNF receptor IgG fusion protein (TNFR:Fc; 6 mg/m2; n = 6) after intravenous injection of endotoxin (2 ng/kg; n = 6), or after administration of endotoxin with TNFR:Fc ( n = 6). Administration of TNFR:Fc alone did not affect thyroid hormone or TSH levels when compared with the control day. Endotoxin induced a transient rise in plasma TNF activity (1.5 h: 219 ± 42 pg/ml), which was completely prevented by TNFR:Fc ( P < 0.05). After endotoxin administration, plasmal-thyroxine (T4), free T4, 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), and TSH were lower and 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine was higher than on the control day (all P < 0.05). Coinfusion of TNFR:Fc with endotoxin did not influence these endotoxin-induced changes. Our results suggest that endogenous TNF does not play an important role in the alterations in plasma thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations induced by mild endotoxemia in healthy humans.

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