scholarly journals The dispensable chromosome ofLeptosphaeria maculansshelters an effector gene conferring avirulence towardsBrassica rapa

2013 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 887-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Hélène Balesdent ◽  
Isabelle Fudal ◽  
Bénédicte Ollivier ◽  
Pascal Bally ◽  
Jonathan Grandaubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effector Gene ◽  
Dispensable Chromosome

Telomeres and a repeat‐rich chromosome encode effector gene clusters in plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Gan ◽  
Ryoko Hiroyama ◽  
Ayako Tsushima ◽  
Sachiko Masuda ◽  
Arisa Shibata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Effector Gene

scholarly journals Positive regulation of Type III secretion effectors and virulence by RyhB paralogs in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Binjie Chen ◽  
Xianchen Meng ◽  
Jie Ni ◽  
Mengping He ◽  
Yanfei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Type Iii Secretion System ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Effector Gene ◽  
T3ss Effector

AbstractSmall non-coding RNA RyhB is a key regulator of iron homeostasis in bacteria by sensing iron availability in the environment. Although RyhB is known to influence bacterial virulence by interacting with iron metabolism related regulators, its interaction with virulence genes, especially the Type III secretion system (T3SS), has not been reported. Here, we demonstrate that two RyhB paralogs of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis upregulate Type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors, and consequently affect Salmonella invasion into intestinal epithelial cells. Specifically, we found that RyhB-1 modulate Salmonella response to stress condition of iron deficiency and hypoxia, and stress in simulated intestinal environment (SIE). Under SIE culture conditions, both RyhB-1 and RyhB-2 are drastically induced and directly upregulate the expression of T3SS effector gene sipA by interacting with its 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) via an incomplete base-pairing mechanism. In addition, the RyhB paralogs upregulate the expression of T3SS effector gene sopE. By regulating the invasion-related genes, RyhBs in turn affect the ability of S. Enteritidis to adhere to and invade into intestinal epithelial cells. Our findings provide evidence that RyhBs function as critical virulence factors by directly regulating virulence-related gene expression. Thus, inhibition of RyhBs may be a potential strategy to attenuate Salmonella.

scholarly journals Diversification of C. elegans Motor Neuron Identity via Selective Effector Gene Repression

Neuron ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sze Yen Kerk ◽  
Paschalis Kratsios ◽  
Michael Hart ◽  
Romulo Mourao ◽  
Oliver Hobert
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Gene Repression ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Effector Gene

scholarly journals Expression of the ToxA and PtrPf2 genes of the phytopathogenic fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis at the beginning of the infection process

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina V. Mironenko ◽  
Alexandra S. Orina ◽  
Nadezhda M. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Effector Gene ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Necrotrophic Effector

This study shows that the necrotrophic effector gene ToxA is differentially expressed in isolates of P. tritici-repentis fungus at different time periods after inoculation of the wheat variety Glenlea which has the gene Tsn1 controlling sensitivity to the necrosis inducing toxin Ptr ToxA. Two P. tritici-repentis isolates with different ability to cause necrosis on the leaves of Glenlea variety (nec + and nec-) and with different expression level of ToxA and gene of factor transcription PtrPf2 in vitro were used for analysis. Isolates of P. tritici-repentis are characterized by the differential expression of ToxA in planta. The expression of the ToxA gene in P. tritici-repentis ToxA+ isolates significantly increased when infected the wheat leaves compared to ToxA expression results obtained in vitro. The levels of ToxA expression in both isolates differed significantly after 24, 48 and 96 hours after inoculation, however, the dynamics of the trait change over time were similar. However, the highest ToxA expression in the virulent (nec+) isolate in contrast with the avirulent (nec-) isolate was observed at a point of 48 hours. Whereas the expression of regulating transcription factor PtrPf2 in planta differed imperceptibly from expression in vitro throughout the observation period. Obviously, the role of the fungal transcription factor in regulating the effector gene expression weakens in planta, and other mechanisms regulating the expression of pathogen genes at the biotrophic stage of the disease develop.

scholarly journals Sustained expression of HeyL is critical for the proliferation of muscle stem cells in overloaded muscle

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumiaki Fukuda ◽  
Akihiro Kaneshige ◽  
Takayuki Kaji ◽  
Yu-taro Noguchi ◽  
Yusei Takemoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells ◽  
Muscle Satellite Cells ◽  
Effector Gene ◽  
Injury Model ◽  
Myod Expression

In overloaded and regenerating muscle, the generation of new myonuclei depends on muscle satellite cells (MuSCs). Because MuSC behaviors in these two environments have not been considered separately, MuSC behaviors in overloaded muscle remain unexamined. Here, we show that most MuSCs in overloaded muscle, unlike MuSCs in regenerating muscle, proliferate in the absence of MyoD expression. Mechanistically, MuSCs in overloaded muscle sustain the expression of Heyl, a Notch effector gene, to suppress MyoD expression, which allows effective MuSC proliferation on myofibers and beneath the basal lamina. Although Heyl-knockout mice show no impairment in an injury model, in a hypertrophy model, their muscles harbor fewer new MuSC-derived myonuclei due to increased MyoD expression and diminished proliferation, which ultimately causes blunted hypertrophy. Our results show that sustained HeyL expression is critical for MuSC proliferation specifically in overloaded muscle, and thus indicate that the MuSC-proliferation mechanism differs in overloaded and regenerating muscle.

scholarly journals Number of Candidate Effector Genes in Accessory Genomes Differentiates Pathogenic From Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum Strains

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria E. Constantin ◽  
Like Fokkens ◽  
Mara de Sain ◽  
Frank L. W. Takken ◽  
Martijn Rep
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Effector Gene ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Potential Pathogen

The fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is widely known for causing wilt disease in over 100 different plant species. Endophytic interactions of Fo with plants are much more common, and strains pathogenic on one plant species can even be beneficial endophytes on another species. However, endophytic and beneficial interactions have been much less investigated at the molecular level, and the genetic basis that underlies endophytic versus pathogenic behavior is unknown. To investigate this, 44 Fo strains from non-cultivated Australian soils, grass roots from Spain, and tomato stems from United States were characterized genotypically by whole genome sequencing, and phenotypically by examining their ability to symptomlessly colonize tomato plants and to confer resistance against Fusarium Wilt. Comparison of the genomes of the validated endophytic Fo strains with those of 102 pathogenic strains revealed that both groups have similar genomes sizes, with similar amount of accessory DNA. However, although endophytic strains can harbor homologs of known effector genes, they have typically fewer effector gene candidates and associated non-autonomous transposons (mimps) than pathogenic strains. A pathogenic ‘lifestyle’ is associated with extended effector gene catalogs and a set of “host specific” effectors. No candidate effector genes unique to endophytic strains isolated from the same plant species were found, implying little or no host-specific adaptation. As plant-beneficial interactions were observed to be common for the tested Fo isolates, the propensity for endophytism and the ability to confer biocontrol appears to be a predominant feature of this organism. These findings allow prediction of the lifestyle of a Fo strain based on its genome sequence as a potential pathogen or as a harmless or even beneficial endophyte by determining its effectorome and mimp number.

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