scholarly journals Peribacteroid space acidification: a marker of mature bacteroid functioning inMedicago truncatulanodules

2013 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
OLIVIER PIERRE ◽  
GILBERT ENGLER ◽  
JULIE HOPKINS ◽  
FRÉDÉRIC BRAU ◽  
ERIC BONCOMPAGNI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peribacteroid Space

Membranes in lupin root nodules. II. Preparation and properties of peribacteroid membranes and bacteroid envelope inner membranes from developing lupin nodules

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-174
Author(s):  
J.G. Robertson ◽  
M.P. Warburton ◽  
P. Lyttleton ◽  
A.M. Fordyce ◽  
S. Bullivant
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Gradient ◽  
Phosphotungstic Acid ◽  
Nadh Oxidase ◽  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Peribacteroid Space ◽  
Gradient Fractionation

Peribacteroid membranes and bacteroid envelope inner membranes have been isolated from developing lupin nodules. Isolation of the peribacteroid membranes was achieved by first preparing membrane-enclosed bacteroids free from other plant organelles or membranes. The peribacteroid membranes were then released by osmotic shock and purified by centrifugation to equilibrium on sucrose gradients. The bacteroids were broken in a pressure cell and the bacteroid envelope inner membranes were isolated using sucrose gradient fractionation of the bacteroid total envelope preparation. The density of the peribacteroid membranes decreased during the period of development of N2-fixation in lupin nodules from 1.148 g/ml for nodules from 12-day plants to 1.137 g/ml for nodules from 18-day plants. The density of the bacteroid envelope inner membranes from nodules from 18-day plants was 1–153 g/ml. The identity and homogeneity of the isolated membranes was established, by comparison with membranes in intact nodules, using phosphotungstic acid and silver staining of thin sections and particle densitites on faces of freeze-fracture replicas of the membranes. Analyses for NADH oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase, spectral analyses and gel-electrophoretic analysis of proteins were also used to characterize the membrane and soluble protein fractions from the nodules. The ratio of lipid to protein was 6.1 for the peribacteroid membranes and 2.5 for the bacteroid envelope inner membranes. Leghaemoglobin was localized in the plant cytoplasm in lupin nodules and not in the peribacteroid space.

scholarly journals An antimicrobial peptide essential for bacterial survival in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (49) ◽  
pp. 15238-15243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minsoo Kim ◽  
Yuhui Chen ◽  
Jiejun Xi ◽  
Christopher Waters ◽  
Rujin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Cells ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Bacterial Differentiation ◽  
Peribacteroid Space ◽  
Intracellular Organelles

In the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legume hosts and rhizobia, the bacteria are engulfed by a plant cell membrane to become intracellular organelles. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, internalization and differentiation of Sinorhizobium (also known as Ensifer) meliloti is a prerequisite for nitrogen fixation. The host mechanisms that ensure the long-term survival of differentiating intracellular bacteria (bacteroids) in this unusual association are unclear. The M. truncatula defective nitrogen fixation4 (dnf4) mutant is unable to form a productive symbiosis, even though late symbiotic marker genes are expressed in mutant nodules. We discovered that in the dnf4 mutant, bacteroids can apparently differentiate, but they fail to persist within host cells in the process. We found that the DNF4 gene encodes NCR211, a member of the family of nodule-specific cysteine-rich (NCR) peptides. The phenotype of dnf4 suggests that NCR211 acts to promote the intracellular survival of differentiating bacteroids. The greatest expression of DNF4 was observed in the nodule interzone II-III, where bacteroids undergo differentiation. A translational fusion of DNF4 with GFP localizes to the peribacteroid space, and synthetic NCR211 prevents free-living S. meliloti from forming colonies, in contrast to mock controls, suggesting that DNF4 may interact with bacteroids directly or indirectly for its function. Our findings indicate that a successful symbiosis requires host effectors that not only induce bacterial differentiation, but also that maintain intracellular bacteroids during the host–symbiont interaction. The discovery of NCR211 peptides that maintain bacterial survival inside host cells has important implications for improving legume crops.

Alpha-Mannosidase II Isoenzyme in the Peribacteroid Space ofGlycine maxRoot Nodules

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1373-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREA KINNBACK ◽  
ROBERT B. MELLOR ◽  
DIETRICH WERNER
Keyword(s):  
Peribacteroid Space

scholarly journals Influence of mutation in pea (Pisum sativum L.) cdt (cadmium tolerance) gene on histological and ultrastructural nodule organization

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Tsyganova ◽  
Elena V. Seliverstova ◽  
Viktor E. Tsyganov
Keyword(s):  
Structural Organization ◽  
Ultrastructural Organization ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Peribacteroid Space ◽  
Tolerance Gene ◽  
Tolerance To Cadmium ◽  
Initial Line ◽  
Partial Destruction

Background. A comparative analysis out of the structural organization of the symbiotic nodules of the pea initial line SGE and the mutant line SGECdt, characterized by increased tolerance to cadmium and increased its accumulation, was carried out. Materials and methods.Nodules of initial line SGE and mutant SGECdt were analyzed using light and transmission electron microscopy. Results. The non-treated nodules of SGE and SGECdt were characterized by a similar histological and ultrastructural organization. In the nodules of SGE exposed to 100 M CdCl2 in infected cells, the following abnormalities were observed: expansion of the peribacteroid space, destruction of the symbiosome membrane, fusion of symbiosomes and, as a result, the formation of symbiosomes containing several bacteroids. In the nodules of SGECdt, infected cells did not undergo pronounced changes. In the nodules of SGE exposed to 1 mM CdCl2, at the base of the nodule, senescent infected cells with completely destroyed cytoplasm and degrading bacteroids appeared. Also there were present cells in which the contents of symbiosomes were lysing, and only the ghosts of the bacteroids remained in them. In SGECdt, in some infected cells, abnormalities were manifested in an increase in the peribacteroid space, partial destruction of symbiosome membranes, fusion of symbiosomes, and release of bacteroids into the vacuole. Conclusions. The tolerance of pea nodules to cadmium can be significantly increased due to a single recessive cdt mutation.

Bacteroid-encoded proteins are secreted into the peribacteroid space by Rhizobium leguminosarum

1988 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Katinakis ◽  
R. M. Klein Lankhorst ◽  
J. Louwerse ◽  
A. van Kammen ◽  
R. C. van den Bos
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Encoded Proteins ◽  
Peribacteroid Space

Characterisation by proteomics of peribacteroid space and peribacteroid membrane preparations from pea (Pisum sativum) symbiosomes

PROTEOMICS ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Saalbach ◽  
Pinar Erik ◽  
Stefanie Wienkoop
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Peribacteroid Membrane ◽  
Peribacteroid Space

scholarly journals The Sinorhizobium meliloti Glycine Betaine Biosynthetic Genes (betICBA) Are Induced by Choline and Highly Expressed in Bacteroids

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 709-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Mandon ◽  
Magne Østerås ◽  
Eric Boncompagni ◽  
Jean Charles Trinchant ◽  
Guillaume Spennato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Choline Transport ◽  
Choline Dehydrogenase ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Intergenic Regions ◽  
Peribacteroid Space

The symbiotic soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti has the capacity to synthesize the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from choline-O-sulfate and choline. This pathway is encoded by the betICBA locus, which comprises a regulatory gene, betI, and three structural genes, betC (choline sulfatase), betB (betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase), and betA (choline dehydrogenase). Here, we report that betICBA genes constitute a single operon, despite the existence of intergenic regions containing mosaic elements between betI and betC, and betB and betA. The regulation of the bet operon was investigated by using transcriptional lacZ (β-galactosidase) fusions and has revealed a strong induction by choline at concentrations as low as 25 μM and to a lesser extent by choline-O-sulfate and acetylcholine but not by osmotic stress or oxygen. BetI is a repressor of the bet transcription in the absence of choline, and a nucleotide sequence of dyad symmetry upstream of betI was identified as a putative betI box. Measurements of intracellular pools of choline, well correlated with β-galactosidase activities, strongly suggested that BetI senses the endogenous choline pool that modulates the intensity of BetI repression. In contrast to Escherichia coli, BetI did not repress choline transport. During symbiosis with Medicago sativa, S. meliloti bet gene expression was observed within the infection threads, in young and in mature nodules. The existence of free choline in nodule cytosol, peribacteroid space, and bacteroids was demonstrated, and the data suggest that bet regulation in planta is mediated by BetI repression, as in free-living cells. Neither Nod nor Fix phenotypes were significantly impaired in a betI∷Ω mutant, indicating that glycine betaine biosynthesis from choline is not crucial for nodulation and nitrogen fixation.

Membrane Interface of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum - Glycine max Symbiosis: Peribacteroid Units From Soyabean Nodules

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Day ◽  
GD Price ◽  
MK Udvardi
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Membrane Interface ◽  
Peribacteroid Membrane ◽  
Literature Evidence ◽  
Peribacteroid Space ◽  
Ion Movements

A method for preparing intact peribacteroid units from soybean nodules is described in detail. The polypeptide compositions of the peribacteroid membrane and peribacteroid space contents are described, and the properties of these compartments are discussed In the hght of recent literature. Evidence is presented that the peribacteroid membrane is permeable to succinate and malate but not to sucrose and glutamate. A dicarboxylate transporter on the peribacteroid membrane, which is capable of transporting malate and succinate at rates sufficient to support measured nitrogenase activity, is described The properties of an ATPase found on the peribacteroid membrane are also described and compared to those described in other reports This ATPase is able to catalyse energisation of the peribacteroid membrane in an uncoupler and vanadate-sensitive manner and may play an important role in the regulation of ion movements across the membrane.

A morphometric study of effective nodules induced by Rhizobium loti and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) on Lotus pedunculatus

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Wood ◽  
David B. Layzell ◽  
William Newcomb ◽  
Clive E. Pankhurst
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Polar Bodies ◽  
Rhizobium Loti ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Sp ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Peribacteroid Space ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus

Effective root nodules formed on Lotus pedunculatus by Rhizobium loti NZP2037 and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) CC814s were examined by light and electron microscopy. NZP2037 nodules were larger than CC814s nodules as a result of a much thicker nodule cortex. The smaller CC814s nodules had a much larger infected zone and, consequently, larger volumes of infected cells, peribacteroid space, and host cytosol per nodule. As well, CC814s nodules demonstrated a significantly higher number of bacteria which typically contained prominent polar bodies and beta-polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules. The bacteria of NZP2037 nodules lacked the polar bodies, but PHB deposits were occasionally observed. A correlated physiological study in which acetylene reduction was used to estimate nitrogen fixation showed CC814s nodules to be more active than NZP2037 nodules (Pankhurst, C. E., and D. B. Layzell. 1984. Physiol. Plant. 62(3) : 404–409.). This measured difference in nitrogen-fixing activity was considered due to the degree of infection and bacterial proliferation as well as differences in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism of the two nodule types. The significance of the structural observations and morphometric analyses and their relationship to differences in nitrogen fixation are discussed.

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