scholarly journals Connective appendages in Huberia bradeana (Melastomataceae) affect pollen release during buzz pollination

Plant Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bochorny ◽  
L. F. Bacci ◽  
A. S. Dellinger ◽  
F. A. Michelangeli ◽  
R. Goldenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Pollen Release

scholarly journals Buzz‐pollination in Neotropical bees: genus‐dependent frequencies and lack of optimal frequency for pollen release

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conrado Augusto Rosi‐Denadai ◽  
Priscila Cássia Souza Araújo ◽  
Lucio Antônio de Oliveira Campos ◽  
Lirio Cosme ◽  
Raul Narciso Carvalho Guedes
Keyword(s):  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Optimal Frequency ◽  
Pollen Release

scholarly journals Bee and floral traits affect the characteristics of the vibrations experienced by flowers during buzz-pollination

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Arroyo-Correa ◽  
Ceit Elisabeth Beattie ◽  
Mario Vallejo-Marin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Coupling Factor ◽  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Peak Displacement ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Plant Characteristics ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Solanum Spp

During buzz pollination, bees use their indirect flight muscles to produce vibrations that are transmitted to the flowers and result in pollen release. Although buzz pollination has been known for >100 years, we are still in the early stages of understanding how bee and floral characteristics affect the production and transmission of floral vibrations. Here we analysed floral vibrations produced by four closely related bumblebee taxa (Bombus spp.) on two buzz-pollinated plants species (Solanum spp.). We measured floral vibrations transmitted to the flower to establish the extent to which the mechanical properties of floral vibrations depend on bee and plant characteristics. By comparing four bee taxa visiting the same plant species, we found that peak acceleration (PA), root mean-squared acceleration (RMS) and frequency varies between bee taxa, but that neither bee size (intertegular distance) or flower biomass (dry weight) affect PA, RMS or frequency. A comparison of floral vibrations of two bee taxa visiting flowers of two plant species, showed that, while bee species affects PA, RMS and frequency, plant species affects acceleration (PA and RMS) but not frequency. When accounting for differences in the transmission of vibrations across the two types of flowers, using a species-specific 'coupling factor', we found that RMS acceleration and peak displacement does not differ between plant species. This suggests that bees produce the same initial acceleration in different plants but that transmission of these vibrations through the flower is affected by floral characteristics.

scholarly journals Anther cones increase pollen release in buzz-pollinated Solanum flowers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Vallejo-Marín ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Pereira Nunes ◽  
Avery Leigh Russell
Keyword(s):  
Functional Significance ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Mechanical Connection ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Conical Structure ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Plant Families

AbstractThe widespread evolution of tube-like anthers releasing pollen from apical pores is associated with buzz pollination, in which bees vibrate flowers to remove pollen. The mechanical connection among anthers in buzz-pollinated species varies from loosely held conformations, to anthers tightly held together with trichomes or bio-adhesives forming a functionally joined conical structure (anther cone). Joined anther cones in buzz-pollinated species have evolved independently across plant families and via different genetic mechanisms, yet their functional significance remains mostly untested. We used experimental manipulations to compare vibrational and functional (pollen release) consequences of joined anther cones in three buzz-pollinated species of Solanum (Solanaceae). We applied bee-like vibrations to focal anthers in flowers with (“joined”) and without (“free”) experimentally created joined anther cones, and characterised vibrations transmitted to other anthers and the amount of pollen released. We found that joined anther architectures cause non-focal anthers to vibrate at higher amplitudes than free architectures. Moreover, in the two species with naturally loosely held anthers, anther fusion increases pollen release, while in the species with a free but naturally compact architecture it does not. We discuss hypotheses for the adaptive significance of the convergent evolution of joined anther cones.

Could microechinate orbicules be related to the release of pollen in anemophilous and ‘buzz pollination' species?

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz G. Galati ◽  
Marina M. Gotelli ◽  
Andrés E. Dolinko ◽  
Sonia Rosenfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Floral Traits ◽  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Surface Type ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Satisfactory Answer

The function of orbicules has been a matter of speculation for a long time and until now no satisfactory answer has been put forward. We propose two hypotheses that could contribute to the elucidation of their function: (1) that anemophilous and ‘buzz pollination’ species have microechinate orbicules; and (2) that microechinate orbicules are advantageous for pollen release in both pollination modes. To test the first hypothesis, orbicule morphology of species in which the pollen is released by anther shaking (20 anemophilous and three with buzz-pollination) was analysed. We also conducted a literature review, noting the orbicule surface type and the presence of floral traits suggesting that pollen is released by anther shaking. Ninety-two percent of the species with microechinate orbicules are anemophilous or present ‘buzz pollination’. Orbicules without spinules are present in species that lack floral traits linked to anther shaking for pollen release. To test the second hypothesis, a computational simulation that reveals the electric field produced by electrostatically charged orbicules was used. Results showed that the field is increased at the tip of each orbicule spinule. Therefore, an anther loculus surface coated by pointed structures increases the repulsion force of the pollen grains. This is an advantage when pollen is released by shaking the anther.

scholarly journals Are flowers tuned to buzzing pollinators? Variation in the natural frequency of stamens with different morphologies and its relationship to bee vibrations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Pereira Nunes ◽  
Lucy Nevard ◽  
Fernando Montealegre-Zapata ◽  
Mario Vallejo-Marin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Frequency ◽  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Vibration Amplitude ◽  
Natural Frequencies ◽  
Laser Doppler ◽  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Laser Doppler Vibrometry ◽  
Pollen Removal ◽  
Pollen Release

AbstractDuring buzz pollination, bees use vibrations to remove pollen from flowers. Vibrations at the natural frequency of pollen-carrying stamens are amplified through resonance, resulting in higher-amplitude vibrations. Because pollen release depends on vibration amplitude, bees could increase pollen removal by vibrating at the natural frequency of stamens. Yet, few studies have characterized the natural frequencies of stamens and compared them to frequencies of buzz-pollinating bees. Here we use laser Doppler vibrometry to characterise natural frequencies of stamens of six buzz-pollinated Solanum taxa of contrasting stamen morphology. We also compare the fundamental frequency of bumblebee buzzes produced on two Solanum species with different natural frequencies. We found that stamen morphology and plant identity explain variation in natural frequency of stamens. Our results show that medium-sized pollinators, such as bumblebees, produce buzzes of frequencies higher than the natural frequency of most (5/6) of the Solanum species we studied. However, the observed natural frequency of Solanum stamens is at the low end of the range of frequencies produced by other buzz-pollinating bees. Thus, our findings suggest that in some buzz pollination interactions, but not others, stamen resonance may play a role in mediating pollen release.

Anther and stigma morphology in mirror-image flowers of Chamaecrista chamaecristoides (Fabaceae): implications for buzz pollination

Plant Biology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Arceo-Gómez ◽  
M. L. Martínez ◽  
V. Parra-Tabla ◽  
J. G. García-Franco
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Image ◽  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Stigma Morphology

Investigation of pollen release by poricidal anthers using mathematical billiards

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Hansen ◽  
Gabriel C. Lanes ◽  
Vinícius L. G. Brito ◽  
Edson D. Leonel
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Release ◽  
Poricidal Anthers

Inflorescence development and seed production in Lolium spp. × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrids

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cremades ◽  
E. W. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Tetraploid Hybrid ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Sufficient Variation ◽  
Reproductive Characters

SUMMARYThe reproductive development and seed production characters of a Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrid and a Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrid were compared with those of their tetraploid parental cultivars. Experiments were carried out under glasshouse and natural conditions; single plants were studied as only small quantities of seed were available from the breeder. The lowtemperature/short-day requirements for inflorescence induction of the two hybrids were in between those of the corresponding parental species. The variance of the date at which vegetative primordia changed to the reproductive condition was greater in the hybrids than in the parental cultivars, but the variance of the dates of inflorescence emergence were similar for the hybrids and parental cultivars. Inflorescences ranged from the Lolium type with only sessile spikelets to the Festuca type with primary branches. Inner glumes, which are absent in the Lolium parents but present in Festuca pratensis, were found in the hybrids, though not in all spikelets. In the Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis hybrid pollen release, potential pollen viability and floret fertility were low, but the Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis hybrid produced large amounts of pollen with a higher potential viability and had floret fertilities similar to those of its two parental cultivars. There was sufficient variation in reproductive characters for further selection, particularly in the Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis hybrid.

scholarly journals Beyond buzz‐pollination – departures from an adaptive plateau lead to new pollination syndromes

2018 ◽  
Vol 221 (2) ◽  
pp. 1136-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes S. Dellinger ◽  
Marion Chartier ◽  
Diana Fernández‐Fernández ◽  
Darin S. Penneys ◽  
Marcela Alvear ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Buzz Pollination ◽  
Pollination Syndromes

scholarly journals Floral Biology and Seed Production in Cultivated North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cayetana Schluter ◽  
Zamir K. Punja
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
North American ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Floral Biology ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Pollination Success ◽  
Pollen Release

Morphological characteristics of flowers, duration of flowering, degree of self-pollination, and extent of berry and seed production in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were studied under controlled environmental conditions as well as under field conditions. A comparison was also made between plants of 3 and 4 years of age at two field locations. The duration of flowering was ≈4 weeks and was similar in plants of both age groups grown in the two environments; however, 4-year-old plants produced an average of 40% more flowers (≈100 per plant in total) compared to 3-year-old plants. Flowers were comprised of five greenish-colored petals, five stamens, and an inferior ovary consisting of predominantly two fused carpels and stigmatic lobes. Anthers dehisced in staggered succession within individual flowers, and flowering began with the outermost edge of the umbel and proceeded inwards. At any given time during the 4-week flowering period, ≈10% of the flowers in an umbel had recently opened and were producing pollen. Stigma receptivity was associated with separation of the stigmatic lobes; this occurred at some time after pollen release. Growth of pollen tubes through the style in naturally pollinated flowers was most evident when the stigmatic lobes had separated. The proportion of flowers that developed into mature berries (pollination success rate) was in the range of 41% to 68% for both 3-year-old and 4-year-old plants. However, when the inflorescence was bagged during the flowering period, berry formation was increased by 13% to 21% in 4-year-old plants, depending on location. A majority of the berries (92% to 99%) contained one or two seeds in an almost equal frequency, with the remaining berries containing three seeds. In 4-year-old plants, the frequency of two-seeded berries was increased by ≈13% by bagging the inflorescence. These observations indicate that P. quinquefolius is highly self-fertile and that several physiological and environmental factors can affect seed production.

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