Photosynthesis, fluorescence, and biomass responses of white oak seedlings to urban soil and air temperature effects

Abstract In 2001, we used power augers to plant 1-0 northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and white oak (Q. alba) seedlings in stony soils in Arkansas. After two growing seasons, red oak and white oak survival was 86% and 91%, respectively. Both species had only grown an average of 1 ft in height in 2 yr. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):92–93.

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Selective feeding of pine voles on roots of tree seedlings

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z09-003 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 183-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L. A. Schreiber ◽

R. K. Swihart

Keyword(s):

Field Studies ◽

Tree Seedlings ◽

Quercus Alba ◽

White Oak ◽

Yellow Poplar ◽

Growth And Survival ◽

Field Evidence ◽

Microtus Pinetorum ◽

Belowground Herbivory ◽

Oak Seedlings

Previous studies have implicated numerous physical and biotic factors as contributing to the failure of oak to regenerate successfully throughout substantial portions of eastern North America. Recent field evidence in southern Indiana implicated belowground herbivory by pine voles ( Microtus pinetorum (LeConte, 1830)) as a potentially important but overlooked mortality agent for oak seedlings. We used cafeteria-style feeding trials to determine whether selection of hardwood seedlings by captive pine voles differed according to species or age. White oak ( Quercus alba L.) was selected more frequently and experienced a greater proportion of root removal by pine voles than same-age seedlings of the other four species tested. Yellow poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera L.) was never eaten. White oak seedlings 3 and 6 weeks of age suffered proportionately greater root removal than conspecific seedlings 12 and 15 weeks of age; pine voles removed roughly constant levels of root biomass irrespective of seedling age. Our results confirm that pine voles selectively feed on oak seedlings. In areas where pine voles are abundant, belowground herbivory could limit regeneration of oak by reducing seedling growth and survival. The importance of pine voles as factors influencing the success of oak regeneration warrants closer scrutiny in future field studies.

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Effects of Scarification Disturbance on the Seedling and Midstory Layer in a Successional Mixed-Oak Forest

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/20.2.85 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 85-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

John M. Lhotka ◽

James J. Zaczek

Keyword(s):

Acer Saccharum ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Growing Season ◽

Quercus Alba ◽

Seedling Density ◽

White Oak ◽

Treatment Results ◽

Southern Illinois ◽

Soil Scarification ◽

Oak Seedlings

Abstract This study investigated whether soil scarification during the presence of abundant white oak (Quercus alba L.) acorns and other mast could be used to increase the density of oak reproduction and reduce competitive midstory species in a mid-successional mixed-oak upland forest. The study was conducted in a 7.3 ha forest with a mature oak overstory and a well-developed midstory of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and pawpaw (Asmina triloba Dunal.) in southern Illinois. The soil scarification was conducted in the autumn after acorn dissemination using a crawler tractor with a six-tooth brush rake. One growing season after treatment, significantly higher numbers of oak seedlings, primarily white oak, were present in the scarified plots (5,164 ha-1) compared to the control plots (1,273 ha-1). Seedling density of all other species classes did not differ between treatments. Scarification affected 61% of midstory trees and thus reduced their density and competitive position. Of these trees, 21% of stems were completely removed by the scarification treatment. Results suggest that, in the presence of abundant acorns, scarification may increase the number of new oak germinants in stands lacking advanced oak reproduction. Finally, because scarification increased the density of oak seedlings and reduced competing midstory trees, it can play a role in promoting the establishment of advanced oak reproduction. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):85–91.

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A comparison of the effects of different shelterwood harvest methods on the survival and growth of acorn-origin oak seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x11-143 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (12) ◽

pp. 2359-2374 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Patrick H. Brose

Keyword(s):

Seedling Growth ◽

Forest Floor ◽

Seedling Survival ◽

Quercus Alba ◽

White Oak ◽

Quercus Velutina ◽

Germination Success ◽

Survival And Growth ◽

Insight Into ◽

Oak Seedlings

Timely development of newly germinated oak (Quercus spp.) seedlings into competitive-sized regeneration is an essential part of the oak regeneration process. The amount of sunlight reaching the forest floor partly governs this development, and foresters often use the shelterwood system to expose oak seedlings to varying degrees of insolation. To further understand the seedling development–sunlight–shelterwood relationships, I conducted a multiyear study at five locations in Pennsylvania. Each location had four stands either uncut or recently treated with one of three shelterwood harvest methods (preparatory cut, first removal cut, or final removal cut) resulting in four different levels of sunlight reaching the forest floor. In each stand, four 32 m2 plots were prepared, and each was planted with 400 acorns of black (Quercus velutina Lam.), chestnut (Quercus montana Willd.), northern red (Quercus rubra L.), or white oak (Quercus alba L.) and protected from wildlife. Germination success was universally high and for the next 8 years, I monitored seedling survival and measured seedling growth. The final and first removal cut treatments had higher seedling survival than the preparatory cut and uncut treatments. Oak seedling growth was positively related to sunlight availability; seedlings in the final removal cut grew the most, followed in descending order by those in the first removal cut, preparatory cut, and uncut treatments. These findings provide insight into the subtleties of regenerating oak forests with the shelterwood system.

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ROOT AND AIR TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATOES AND LETTUCE

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.1980.98.2 ◽

1980 ◽

pp. 29-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. Moorby ◽

C.J. Graves

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Temperature Effects ◽

Growth And Yield

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Do chestnut, northern red, and white oak germinant seedlings respond similarly to light treatments? II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll responses

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x2012-057 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 1025-1037 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Joanne Rebbeck ◽

Amy Scherzer ◽

Kurt Gottschalk

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Native Forest ◽

Quercus Alba ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Growth Strategies ◽

White Oak ◽

Light Levels ◽

Shelterwood Cut ◽

Oak Seedlings

Understanding differences in physiological and growth strategies in low-light environments among upland oak species may help managers address the challenges of oaks’ poor regeneration. Gas exchange and chlorophyll content were measured for northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.), chestnut oak ( Quercus prinus L.), and white oak ( Quercus alba L.) germinants grown at 25%, 18%, and 6% of full sun in one of two native forest soil mixes for two summers. Northern red and chestnut oak photosynthesis at saturating light (Amax, mass) increased by 23%–36% as light levels increased from 6% to 25% of full sun, while white oak Amax, mass declined by 20% and plateaued at 18% of full sun. White oak light compensation point is representative of deep shade (7.2 µmol·m–2·s–1), while northern red and chestnut oak averaged 17.8 µmol·m–2·s–1. Total chlorophyll content increased as light levels decreased for all species. Of the three species, the slow-growing white oak seedlings appeared to be more efficient in utilizing light than northern red or chestnut oak seedlings. This suggests no additional benefits to increasing light above that typically found in a light shelterwood cut; however, it is crucial to control faster-growing competing vegetation.

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213 Effects of Air Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth of Radish

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.35.3.427e ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 427E-427

Author(s):

G.W. Stutte ◽

I. Eraso ◽

E.C. Stryjewski

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Temperature Effects ◽

Harvest Index ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Storage Roots ◽

Stress Effects

The RASTA (Radish Assimilation in Spaceflight Testbed Atmospheres) space flight experiment is being designed to evaluate effects of spacecraft environment on carbon partitioning in radish. Carbon dioxide concentration and air temperature effects on radish partitioning are being evaluated to optimize conditions on orbit. Determining effects of these stresses on growth will allow environmental stress effects to be isolated from microgravity effects during the mission. Three cultivars, Cherriette, Cherry Belle, and Early Scarlett Globe, have been grown at 23 °C at 400, 1500 and 10,000 ppm CO2 to determine effects of super-elevated CO2 on growth. Total biomass production was greatest at 1500 ppm CO2, with a decline at 10,000 ppm CO2. Harvest index of all cultivars was also highest at 1500 ppm. `Cherry Belle' and `Early Scarlet Globe' were grown at ambient CO2 under temperatures ranging from 18 to 30 °C. Total biomass production was greatest at 22 °C, with significant declines in total dry mass and harvest index with increasing temperatures. Temperatures less than 22 °C resulted in decrease in total biomass, but partitioning to storage roots was enhanced. (Supported by NASA NCC10-0034)

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Injury on White Oak Seedlings from Herbicide Exposure Simulating Drift

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2076 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 2076-2080 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jayesh B. Samtani ◽

John B. Masiunas ◽

James E. Appleby

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Quercus Alba ◽

White Oak ◽

Leaf Unfolding ◽

Housing Developments ◽

Field Corn ◽

Leaf Chlorosis ◽

Chloroacetanilide Herbicides ◽

Herbicide Drift ◽

Oak Seedlings

Herbicide drift to landscape and woodland trees is a particular concern in midwestern United States where the topography is relatively flat, large-scale agriculture relies on herbicides, and housing developments and woodlands are intermingled with agricultural fields. Recently, leaf abnormalities (called leaf tatters) have been reported on white oak (Quercus alba L.). We evaluated the effects of field corn herbicides on white oak at the swollen bud, leaf unfolding, and expanded leaf stages. Container-grown white oak seedlings were treated with 1%, 10%, and 25% standard field use rates of 2,4-D isooctyl ester, glyphosate, 2,4-D isooctyl ester + glyphosate, dicamba, acetochlor + atrazine, and metolachlor. Loss of interveinal tissues (leaf tatters) occurred after treatment with the chloroacetanilide herbicides, acetochlor (+ atrazine) and metolachlor, only when oaks were in the leaf unfolding stage. No other herbicide caused tatter-like symptoms. Dicamba and 2,4-D ester applied at the leaf unfolding stage caused leaf cupping, downward rolling of leaf margins, elongation of leaf tips, leaf strapping with parallel veination, and initial leaf cupping followed by death of the growing point. Glyphosate applied at either the leaf unfolding or expanded leaf stage caused leaf chlorosis and necrosis, leaf tip browning, and curling of leaves. Herbicide applications near white oak should be timed before leaf unfolding or after the expanded leaf stages.

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