THE ROLE OF SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE COTRANSPORTER IN LPS-INDUCED ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION

The SLC12 family of cation-chloride-cotransporters (CCCs) is comprised of potassium chloride cotransporters (KCCs), which mediate Cl− extrusion and sodium-potassium chloride cotransporters (N[K]CCs), which mediate Cl− loading. The CCCs play vital roles in cell volume regulation and ion homeostasis. The functions of CCCs influence a variety of physiological processes, many of which overlap with the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Although not all of the cotransporters have been linked to Mendelian genetic disorders, recent studies have provided new insights into their functional role in vascular and renal cells in addition to their contribution to cardiovascular diseases. Particularly, an imbalance in potassium levels promotes the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and disturbances in sodium homeostasis are one of the causes of hypertension. Recent findings suggest hypothalamic signaling as a key signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of hypertension. In this review, we summarize and discuss the role of CCCs in cardiovascular disease with particular emphasis on knowledge gained in recent years on NKCCs and KCCs.

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The Movement of Solutes Across the Epithelium of the Ducts and Cisterns in the Mammary Gland of the Ewe

Australian Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.1071/bi9651035 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 1035 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

DDS Mackenzie ◽

AK Lascelles

Keyword(s):

Mammary Gland ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Potassium Chloride ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Milk Secretion ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Lactose Concentration

The role of the cisterns and large ducts in the overall process of milk secretion has been studied in experiments which have been carried out to determine the change in composition of solutions injected into the mammary gland cisterns of lactating and dry ewes. These solutions contained electrolytes, lactose, and a marker substance and were allowed to remain in the gland for periods of up to 4 hr. The concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride, and lactose in the solution injected into lactating glands approached with time that in milk. The data indicated that the rate of change in concentration of sodium, potassium, and chloride was more rapid than could be accounted for by the mixing of the injected solution with milk from the ducts. Sodium, potassium, and chloride ions were secreted into solutions in which the concentrations of these ions were lower than those in milk and sodium and chloride ions were absorbed from solutions in which their concentration was higher than that in milk. Water absorption occurred from the solutions containing sodium and chloride ata higher concentration than that in milk. In the dry gland the composition of the solutions injected approached with time that of involution secretion which has a higher sodium and chloride and lower potassium and lactose concentration than normal milk. Lactose was absorbed from dry glands but not from the lactating glands.

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