scholarly journals Parallels between natural selection in the cold‐adapted crop‐wild relative Tripsacum dactyloides and artificial selection in temperate adapted maize

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lang Yan ◽  
Sunil Kumar Kenchanmane Raju ◽  
Xianjun Lai ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Xiuru Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Wild Relative ◽  
Tripsacum Dactyloides ◽  
Crop Wild Relative ◽  
Cold Adapted

scholarly journals Parallel natural selection in the cold-adapted crop-wild relative Tripsacum dactyloides and artificial selection in temperate adapted maize

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lang Yan ◽  
Sunil Kumar Kenchanmane Raju ◽  
Xianjun Lai ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Xiuru Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Sequence Evolution ◽  
Tripsacum Dactyloides ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Temperate Climates

ABSTRACTArtificial selection has produced varieties of domesticated maize which thrive in temperate climates around the world. However, the direct progenitor of maize, teosinte, is indigenous only to a relatively small range of tropical and sub-tropical latitudes and grows poorly or not at all outside of this region. Tripsacum, a sister genus to maize and teosinte, is naturally endemic to the majority of areas in the western hemisphere where maize is cultivated. A full-length reference transcriptome for Tripsacum dactyloides generated using long-read isoseq data was used to characterize independent adaptation to temperate climates in this clade. Genes related to phospholipid biosynthesis, a critical component of cold acclimation on other cold adapted plant lineages, were enriched among those genes experiencing more rapid rates of protein sequence evolution in T. dactyloides. In contrast with previous studies of parallel selection, we find that there is a significant overlap between the genes which were targets of artificial selection during the adaptation of maize to temperate climates and those which were targets of natural selection in temperate adapted T. dactyloides. This overlap between the targets of natural and artificial selection suggests genetic changes in crop-wild relatives associated with adaptation to new environments may be useful guides for identifying genetic targets for breeding efforts aimed at adapting crops to a changing climate.

Fatal asymmetries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Luis Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Descent Of Man

Abstract In Descent of Man, Charles Darwin noted the impact of political institutions on natural selection. He thought that institutions such as asylums or hospitals may deter natural selection; however, he did not reach a decisive answer. Questions remain as to whether the selective impacts of political institutions, which in Darwin’s terms may be referred to as “artificial selection,” are compatible with natural selection, and if so, to what extent. This essay argues that currently there appears to be an essential mismatch between nature and political institutions. Unfitted institutions put exogenous and disproportionate pressures on living beings. This creates consequences for what is postulated as the condition of basic equivalence, which allows species and individuals to enjoy similar chances of survival under natural circumstances. Thus, contrary to Darwin’s expectations, it is sustained that assumed natural selection is not discouraged but becomes exacerbated by political institutions. In such conditions, selection becomes primarily artificial and perhaps mainly political, with consequences for species’ evolutionary future.

The relationship between facial whorl direction and sidedness in ridden horses

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
H. Randle ◽  
E. Elworthy
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Facial Hair ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The influence of Natural Selection on the evolution of the horse (Equus callabus) is minimal due to its close association with humans. Instead Artificial Selection is commonly imposed through selection for features such as a ‘breed standard’ or competitive ability. It has long been considered to be useful if indicators of characteristics such as physical ability could be identified. Kidd (1902) suggested that the hair coverings of animals were closely related to their lifestyle, whether they were active or passive. In 1973 Smith and Gong concluded that hair whorl (trichloglyph) pattern and human behaviour is linked since hair patterning is determined at the same time as the brain develops in the foetus. More recently Grandin et al. (1995), Randle (1998) and Lanier et al. (2001) linked features of facial hair whorls to behaviour and production in cattle. Hair whorl features have also been related to temperament in equines (Randle et al., 2003).

scholarly journals A SIMULATION STUDY OF TRUNCATION SELECTION FOR A QUANTITATIVE TRAIT OPPOSED BY NATURAL SELECTION

Genetics ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 989-1000
Author(s):  
Francis Minvielle
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Quantitative Character ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Frequency Selection ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Selective Process

ABSTRACT A quantitative character controlled at one locus with two alleles was submitted to artificial (mass) selection and to three modes of opposing natural selection (directional selection, overdominance and underdominance) in a large random-mating population. The selection response and the limits of the selective process were studied by deterministic simulation. The lifetime of the process was generally between 20 and 100 generations and did not appear to depend on the mode of natural selection. However, depending on the values of the parameters (initial gene frequency, selection intensity, ratio of the effect of the gene to the environmental standard deviation, fitness values) the following outcomes of selection were observed: fixation of the allele favored by artificial selection, stable nontrivial equilibrium, unstable equilibrium and loss of the allele favored by artificial selection. Finally, the results of the simulation were compared to the results of selection experiments.

scholarly journals Artifacts and Their Functions

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-53
Author(s):  
A. W. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Normative Conception ◽  
Ruth Millikan ◽  
Common Understanding

How do artifacts get their functions? It is typically thought that an artifact’s function depends on its maker’s intentions. This chapter argues that this common understanding is fatally flawed. Nor can artifact function be understood in terms of current uses or capacities. Instead, it proposes that we understand artifact function on the etiological model that Ruth Millikan and others have proposed for the biological realm. This model offers a robustly normative conception of function, but it does so naturalistically by employing our best scientific theories, in particular natural selection. To help make this case, it proposes “living artifacts” (organisms designed for human purposes through artificial selection) as a bridge between the artifactual and the biological realms.

Re-evaluation and typification of Foeniculum piperitum (Apiaceae), an underknown medicinal plant and crop wild relative

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 508 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
VINCENZO ILARDI ◽  
ANGELO TROIA
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Wild Relative ◽  
Crop Wild Relative ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Ecological Separation

Foeniculum piperitum was described as Anethum piperitum based on plants collected in Sicily, Italy. Currently it is treated either as a synonym of Foeniculum vulgare, or as one of two subspecies within that taxon. Here we show that F. vulgare and F. piperitum are two different, sometimes co-occurring, taxa and that given clear morphological and ecological separation, they should be treated as distinct species. Anethum piperitum is typified. Owing to misapplication of names and wrong synonymizations, the ecology and chorology of F. vulgare and F. piperitum have to be better defined.

Artocarpus bergii (Moraceae), a New Species in the Breadfruit Clade from the Moluccas

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Elliot M. Gardner ◽  
Deby Arifiani ◽  
Nyree J.C. Zerega
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Wild Relative ◽  
Crop Wild Relative ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
A New Species

Abstract—Artocarpus bergii, named for the late C. C. Berg, is from Halmahera in the Moluccas, and is a close ally of breadfruit (A. altilis). The species resembles the Micronesian A. mariannensis but with generally smaller parts. Because it is known from only a small area and the type locality is a potential mining site, A. bergii is likely of conservation concern, particularly given its status as a crop wild relative.

Crop wild relative information: developing a tool for its management and use.

2009 ◽  
pp. 504-512
Author(s):  
I. Thormann ◽  
A. Lane ◽  
K. Durah ◽  
M. E. Dulloo ◽  
S. Gaiji
Keyword(s):  
Wild Relative ◽  
Crop Wild Relative ◽  
Relative Information
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