Into Mesh Lubrication of Spur Gears With Arbitrary Offset Oil Jet. Part 1: For Jet Velocity Less Than or Equal to Gear Velocity

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Akin ◽  
D. P. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Gear Tooth ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
The Common ◽  
Jet Velocity ◽  
Oil Jet

An analysis was conducted for into mesh oil jet lubrication with an arbitrary offset and inclination angle from the pitch point for the case where the oil jet velocity is equal to or less than pitch line velocity. The analysis includes the case for the oil jet offset from the pitch point in the direction of the pinion and where the oil jet is inclined to intersect the common pitch point. Equations were developed for the minimum oil jet velocity required to impinge on the pinion or gear and the optimum oil jet velocity to obtain the maximum impingement depth. The optimum operating condition for best lubrication and cooling is provided when the oil jet velocity is equal to the gear pitch line velocity with both sides of the gear tooth cooled. When the jet velocity is reduced from pitch line velocity the drive side of the pinion and the unloaded side of the gear is cooled. When the jet velocity is much lower than the pitch line velocity the impingement depth is very small and may completely miss the pinion.

Into Mesh Lubrication of Spur Gears With Arbitrary Offset Oil Jet. Part 2: For Jet Velocities Equal to or Greater Than Gear Velocity

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Akin ◽  
D. P. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Jet Impingement ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Lubrication Condition ◽  
Jet Velocity ◽  
Loaded Side ◽  
Oil Jet ◽  
Jet Velocities

An analysis was conducted for into mesh oil jet lubrication with an arbitrary offset and inclination angle from the pitch point for the case where the oil jet velocity is equal to or greater than gear pitch line velocity. Equations were developed for minimum and maximum oil jet impingement depth. The analysis also included the minimum oil jet velocity required to impinge on the gear or pinion and the optimum oil jet velocity required to obtain the best lubrication condition of maximum impingement depth and gear cooling. It was shown that the optimum oil jet velocity for best lubrication and cooling is when the oil jet velocity equals the gear pitch line velocity. When the oil jet velocity is slightly greater than the pitch line velocity, the loaded side of the driven gear and the unloaded side of the pinion receive the best lubrication and cooling with slightly less impingement depth. As the jet velocity becomes much greater than the pitch line velocity the impingement depth is considerably reduced and may completely miss the pinion.

Optimization of Fermentable Sugar Production from Pineapple Leaf Waste (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr) by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Yohanita Restu Widihastuty ◽  
Sutini Sutini ◽  
Aida Nur Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme

Pineapple leaf waste is one agricultural waste that has high cellulose content. Pineapple leaf waste's complex structure contains a bundle of packed fiber that makes it hard to remove lignin and hemicellulose structure, so challenging to produce reducing sugar. Dried pineapple leaf waste pretreated with a grinder to break its complex structure. Delignification process using 2% w/v NaOH solution at 87oC for 60 minutes has been carried out to remove lignin and hemicellulose structure so reducing sugar could be produced. Delignified pineapple leaf waste has been enzymatic hydrolyzed using cellulase enzyme (6 mL, 7 mL, and 8 mL) to produce reducing sugar. The sample was incubated in an incubator shaker at 155 rpm at 45, 55, and 60oC for 72 hours. Determination of reducing sugar yield had been carried out using the Dubois method and HPLC. The model indicated that the optimum operating condition of enzymatic hydrolysis is 7 mL of cellulase enzyme at 55oC to produce 96,673 mg/L reducing sugar. This result indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis operating condition improved the reducing sugar yield from pineapple leaf waste. The optimum reducing sugar yield can produce biofuel by the saccharification process.

Magnetostrictive Methods of Detecting Torque from Case-Hardened Steel Shafts

1994 ◽  
Vol 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichiro Sasada
Keyword(s):  
Excitation Frequency ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Torque Sensor ◽  
Excitation Current ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Molybdenum Steel

AbstractThis paper begins with a review of the current problems associated with the application of conventional magnetic-head-type shaft torque sensors. These sensors were first proposedin 1954. Newly developed low-profile magnetic heads for torque sensors which address the problems of the older type of sensors are then presented. The torque sensor which uses the lowprofile pick-up heads is described in detail. Experimental results showing the basicperformance of the torque sensor with carburized nickel chromium molybdenum steel shafts (SNCM 420 in JIS) are then described. In this combination of the heads and the shaft, thehysteresis of the inputoutput relationship is generally small and shows that the direction of traversal around the hysteresis loop changes as the amplitude of the excitation current changes. It is shown that an optimum operating condition exists for the torque sensorin which the hysteresis achieves a minimum value yet the sensitivity remains high. In a particular combination studied in this paper, the optimum excitation current was 0.3 A at the excitation frequency 60 kHz, where the total power loss at the pick-up heads was 0.37W. Under this operating condition, the hysteresis was extremely small, and the linearity was better than 0.6%.

scholarly journals Study of Lubricant Jet Flow Phenomena in Spur Gears

1975 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Akin ◽  
J. J. Mross ◽  
D. P. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Motion Picture ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Drop Size ◽  
Gear Tooth ◽  
Jet Flow ◽  
Spur Gear ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Gear Teeth ◽  
Flow Phenomena ◽  
Oil Jet

Lubricant jet flow impingement and penetration depth into a gear tooth space were measured at 4920 and 2560 using a 8.89-cm- (3.5-in.) pitch dia 8 pitch spur gear at oil pressures from 7 × 104 to 41 × 104 N/m2 (10 psi to 60 psi). A high speed motion picture camera was used with xenon and high speed stroboscopic lights to slow down and stop the motion of the oil jet so that the impingement depth could be determined. An analytical model was developed for the vectorial impingement depth and for the impingement depth with tooth space windage effects included. The windage effects on the oil jet were small for oil drop size greater than 0.0076 cm (0.003 in.). The analytical impingement depth compared favorably with experimental results above an oil jet pressure of 7 × 104 N/m2 (10 psi). Some of this oil jet penetrates further into the tooth space after impingement. Much of this post impingement oil is thrown out of the tooth space without further contacting the gear teeth.

scholarly journals Development and Performance Evaluation of a Double Barrel Cassava Grating Machine

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Okonkwo Ugochukwu Chuka ◽  
Okafor Christian Emeka ◽  
Ihueze Christopher Chukwutoo
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Abrasive Surface ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Double Discharge ◽  
Central Composite

In this study, a double barrel cassava grating machine with double discharge outlet has been developed and its performance evaluated and optimized. The machine was designed to ensure very high throughput, easy decoupling and coupling and reduction in grating time. The performance evaluation of the grating machine was carried out using Design Expert Software. A central composite rotatable design of response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted in determining the optimum operating condition of the machine. The optimum operating condition obtained from the machine shows an optimum abrasive surface hole size of 6mm, feed rate of 11.8kg/min and an optimum feed rate of 20.16 kg/min; a through put capacity of 730.8kg/hr. The average mass loss, partially grated and completely grated were found to be 1.43kg, 1.48kg and 22.09kg, respectively for 25kg sample; which indicates effective grating and waste was drastically reduced with an average grating efficiency of 86.23%.

Analytical Model for the Heat Transfer in Impingement Cooled Spur Gears

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kromer ◽  
Felix C. von Plehwe ◽  
Marc C. Keller ◽  
Corina Schwitzke ◽  
Hans-Jörg Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Gear Tooth ◽  
Gear Train ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Impingement Cooling ◽  
Oil Film ◽  
Low Pressure Turbine ◽  
Tooth Flank ◽  
Oil Jet

Abstract The geared turbofan is a promising concept for civil aircraft jet engines. With the introduction of a gearbox between the low-pressure turbine and the fan, both components can rotate at their respective optimum speed. The geared turbofan enables a lower specific fuel consumption as well as jet engine noise reductions. A planetary gear train is usually chosen for the transmission with the sun gear connected to the low-pressure turbine. This high-speed reduction gear train needs to transmit high loads with a high efficiency in limited installation space. To ensure a safe operation of the gear train, the thermal behavior of the gears needs to be understood. The heat generated by the meshing processes is dissipated by oil impingement cooling. While the field of Elastohydrodynamic lubrication yields good results for the heat generation, no validated model for the impingement cooling process is available in literature. In this study, an analytical model is developed and validated against experimental data. First, the surface area of the oil film on the gear tooth flank formed by the impinging oil jet is calculated. Second, the heat transfer from the gear tooth flank to the oil film is determined. The fluid motion is modeled as an oil film that is flung off the gear tooth flank by centrifugal forces. In addition to the film flow, the presented model takes into account the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the oil and the initial oil film height. The effect of a lubrication oil film on the gear tooth flank before the oil jet impinges is included and its effect on the heat transfer is assessed. The analytical model agrees well with experimental results over the entire range of investigated operating conditions. Finally, a discussion on the effect of several assumptions in the derivation of the analytical model is presented. The validated analytical model can be used as an efficient tool for the design of gear trains with impingement cooled spur gears.

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