A Simple Design Equation for Preventing Buckling in Fabricated Torispherical Shells Under Internal Pressure

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Galletly
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Strain Hardening ◽  
Factor Of Safety ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Simple Equation ◽  
Design Equation ◽  
Simple Design

A simple equation is proposed which will enable a designer to estimate the onset of buckling in internally pressurized steel torispherical end closures. The equation applies to both crown and segment ends and spun ones. Apart from a factor which accounts for strain hardening, the same equation applies to both carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel torispheres. The proposed equation for the allowable internal pressure was checked against all known experimental buckling results and a minimum factor of safety of 1.5 was found. The equation was also checked against a number of full-scale vessels, some of which had failed in service. Once again, the equation was found to be satisfactory.

The Strength of Thick Cylinders Subjected to Repeated Internal Pressure

1960 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. M. Morrison ◽  
B. Crossland ◽  
J. S. C. Parry
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Practical Problem ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Pure Titanium ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Light Alloy ◽  
Chrome Steel

In April, 1956, the authors presented to The Institution of Mechanical Engineers a paper entitled “Fatigue Under Triaxial Stress: Development of a Testing Machine and Preliminary Results,” and in September, 1956, a supplementary paper was presented to the International Conference on the “Fatigue of Metals.” These papers reported tests carried out on cylinders made from a 2 1/2 per cent Ni-Cr-Mo steel, which were subjected to (up to) ten million repetitions of internal oil pressure of (up to) 45,000 psi. Since the publication of these papers a considerable amount of testing has been carried out on cylinders made from a carbon steel, a 3 per cent chrome steel, an austenitic stainless steel, a light alloy, a nearly pure titanium, the Ni-Cr-Mo steel in a harder state, and both the Ni-Cr-Mo steel and the chrome steel in the nitrided condition. In addition, many tests of more academic significance have been carried out on the Ni-Cr-Mo steel in an attempt to achieve a better understanding of the extraordinary results which have been obtained. This paper is concerned mainly with the presentation of the results (supported, of course, by ancillary tests on each material), which are of importance in design. Points of academic interest are discussed only when they are relevant to the practical problem. In order to make the paper reasonably self-contained, a brief summary of the previous work is given, together with a short description of the machine which has been developed for this work.

Estimation of Some Mechanical Properties for Similar & Dissimilar Welded Joints

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Abdullah Daie'e Assi
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Plate Thickness ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Dissimilar Metals ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Steel Type

This research deals with the choice of the suitable filler metal to weld the similar and dissimilar metals (Low carbon steel type A516 & Austenitic stainless steel type 316L) under constant conditions such as, plate thickness (6 mm), voltage (78 v), current (120 A), straight polarity. This research deals with three major parts. The first parts Four types of electrodes were used for welding of dissimilar metals (C.St A516 And St.St 316L) two from mild steel (E7018, E6013) and other two from austenitic stainless steel (E309L, E308L) various inspection were carried out include (Visual T., X-ray T., δ- Ferrite phase T., and Microstructures T.) and mechanical testing include (tensile T., bending T. and micro hardness T.) The second parts done by used the same parameters to welding similar metals from (C.St A516) Or (St.St 316L). The third parts deals with welding of dissimilar weldments (C.St And St.St) by two processes, gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) and shielded metal are welding (SMAW).        The results indicated that the spread of carbon from low carbon steel to the welding zone in the case of welding stainless steel elect pole (E309L) led to Configuration Carbides and then high hardness the link to high values ​​compared with the base metal. In most similar weldments showed hardness of the welding area is  higher than the hardness of the base metal. The electrode (E309L) is the most suitable to welding dissimilar metals from (C.St A516 With St.St 316L). The results also showed that the method of welding (GTAW) were better than the method of welding (SMAW) in dissimilar welded joints (St.St 316L with C.St A516) in terms of irregular shape and integrity of the welding defects, as well as characterized this weldments the high-lift and resistance ductility good when using the welding conditions are similar.

Estimation of Strain-Hardness Correlation in Cold-Forged Austenitic Stainless Steel

2014 ◽  
Vol 622-623 ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Skubisz ◽  
Maciej Rumiński ◽  
Łukasz Lisiecki
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Strain Hardening ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Cold Deformation ◽  
Metal Flow ◽  
Fem Simulation ◽  
Large Head ◽  
The Relationship

The paper presents selected aspects of analysis cold micro-forging process of a screw made of austenitic stainless steel, concerning relation between strain and hardness. Strain hardening character of a material in consecutive forming operations was analyzed experimentally by the measurement of hardness distribution made on longitudinal axial sections of screws. The relationship between hardness and effective strain (hardness curve) was determined, which made it possible to obtain strain distributions in different regions of a material subjected to cold deformation on the basis of strain distribution numerically estimated with FEM simulation performed using QForm2D/3D commercial software. Conclusions were formulated concerning strain inhomogeneity and strain-hardening intensity with respect to the correlation between strain and hardness. It was also concluded, that nonuniformity of hardening rate in a bulk can lead to local variations in flow stress and eventually, to occurrence of the metal flow related defects, which was illustrated with a case study of cold heading of self-tapping screw of AISI 304Cu stainless steel, with large head diameter to shank diameter ratio. In order to validate the obtained results, the same method was used for analysis of hardness development in steel 19MnB4.

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