scholarly journals Comparison of Propane and Methane Performance and Emissions in a Turbocharged Direct Injection Dual Fuel Engine

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Gibson ◽  
A. C. Polk ◽  
N. T. Shoemaker ◽  
K. K. Srinivasan ◽  
S. R. Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Di Diesel Engine ◽  
Total Hydrocarbons ◽  
Dual Fueling

With increasingly restrictive NOx and particulate matter emissions standards, the recent discovery of new natural gas reserves, and the possibility of producing propane efficiently from biomass sources, dual fueling strategies have become more attractive. This paper presents experimental results from dual fuel operation of a four-cylinder turbocharged direct injection (DI) diesel engine with propane or methane (a natural gas surrogate) as the primary fuel and diesel as the ignition source. Experiments were performed with the stock engine control unit at a constant speed of 1800 rpm, and a wide range of brake mean effective pressures (BMEPs) (2.7–11.6 bars) and percent energy substitutions (PESs) of C3H8 and CH4. Brake thermal efficiencies (BTEs) and emissions (NOx, smoke, total hydrocarbons (THCs), CO, and CO2) were measured. Maximum PES levels of about 80–95% with CH4 and 40–92% with C3H8 were achieved. Maximum PES was limited by poor combustion efficiencies and engine misfire at low loads for both C3H8 and CH4, and the onset of knock above 9 bar BMEP for C3H8. While dual fuel BTEs were lower than straight diesel BTEs at low loads, they approached diesel BTE values at high loads. For dual fuel operation, NOx and smoke reductions (from diesel values) were as high as 66–68% and 97%, respectively, but CO and THC emissions were significantly higher with increasing PES at all engine loads.

scholarly journals Comparison of Propane and Methane Performance and Emissions in a Turbocharged Direct Injection Dual Fuel Engine

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Gibson ◽  
A. C. Polk ◽  
N. T. Shoemaker ◽  
K. K. Srinivasan ◽  
S. R. Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Ignition Source ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Di Diesel Engine ◽  
Dual Fueling

With increasingly restrictive NOx and PM emissions standards, the recent discovery of new natural gas reserves, and the possibility of producing propane efficiently from biomass sources, dual fueling strategies have become more attractive. This paper presents experimental results from dual-fueling a four-cylinder turbocharged DI diesel engine with propane or methane (a natural gas surrogate) as the primary fuel and diesel as the ignition source. Experiments were performed with the stock ECU at a constant speed of 1800 rev/min, and a wide range of BMEPs (2.7 to 11.6 bar) and percent energy substitutions (PES) of C3H8 and CH4. Brake thermal efficiencies (BTE) and emissions (NOx, smoke, THC, CO, and CO2) were measured. Maximum PES levels of about 80–95 percent with CH4 and 40–92 percent with C3H8 were achieved. Maximum PES was limited by poor combustion efficiencies and engine misfire at low loads for both C3H8 and CH4, and the onset of knock above 9 bar BMEP for C3H8. While dual fueling BTEs were lower than straight diesel BTEs at low loads, they approached diesel BTE values at high loads. With dual fueling, NOx and smoke reductions (from diesel values) were as high as 66–68 percent and 97 percent, respectively, but CO and THC emissions were significantly higher with increasing PES at all engine loads.

Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Bio-Diesel (B100)-Ignited Methane and Propane Combustion in a Four Cylinder Turbocharged Compression Ignition Engine

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Shoemaker ◽  
C. M. Gibson ◽  
A. C. Polk ◽  
S. R. Krishnan ◽  
K. K. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Propane Combustion ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Engine Knock ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Cylinder Compression ◽  
Dual Fueling

Different combustion strategies and fuel sources are needed to deal with increasing fuel efficiency demands and emission restrictions. One possible strategy is dual fueling using readily available resources. Propane and natural gas are readily available with the current infrastructure and biodiesel is growing in popularity as a renewable fuel. This paper presents experimental results from dual fuel combustion of methane (as a surrogate for natural gas) and propane as primary fuels with biodiesel pilots in a 1.9 liter, turbocharged, 4-cylinder compression ignition engine at 1800 rev/min. Experiments were performed with different percentage energy substitutions (PES) of propane and methane and at different brake mean effective pressures (BMEP/bmep). Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and emissions (NOx, HC, CO, CO2, O2 and smoke) were also measured. Maximum PES levels for B100-methane dual fueling were limited to 70% at 2.5 bars bmep and 48% at 10 bars bmep, and corresponding values for B100-propane dual fueling were 64% and 43%, respectively. Maximum PES was limited by misfire at 2.5 bars bmep and the onset of engine knock at 10 bars bmep. Dual fuel BTEs approached straight B100 values at 10 bars bmep while they were significantly lower than B100 values at 2.5 bars bmep. In general, dual fueling was beneficial in reducing NOx and smoke emissions by 33% and 50%, respectively, from baseline B100 levels; however, both CO and THC emissions were significantly higher than baseline B100 levels at all PES and loads.

Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Bio-Diesel (B100)-Ignited Methane and Propane Combustion in a Four Cylinder Turbocharged Compression Ignition Engine

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Shoemaker ◽  
C. M. Gibson ◽  
A. C. Polk ◽  
S. R. Krishnan ◽  
K. K. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Propane Combustion ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Engine Knock ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Dual Fuel Combustion ◽  
Dual Fueling

Different combustion strategies and fuel sources are needed to deal with increasing fuel efficiency demands and emission restrictions. One possible strategy is dual fueling using readily available resources. Propane and natural gas are readily available with the current infrastructure and biodiesel is growing in popularity as a renewable fuel. This paper presents experimental results from dual fuel combustion of methane (as a surrogate for natural gas) and propane as primary fuels with biodiesel pilots in a 1.9 liter, turbocharged, 4 cylinder diesel engine at 1800 rev/min. Experiments were performed with different percentage energy substitutions (PES) of propane and methane and at different brake mean effective pressures (BMEP/bmep). Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and emissions (NOx, HC, CO, CO2, O2 and smoke) were also measured. Maximum PES levels for B100-methane dual fuelling were limited to 70% at 2.5 bar bmep and 48% at 10 bar bmep, and corresponding values for B100-propane dual fuelling were 64% and 43%, respectively. Maximum PES was limited by misfire at 2.5 bar bmep and the onset of engine knock at 10 bar bmep. Dual fuel BTEs approached straight B100 values at 10 bar bmep while they were significantly lower than B100 values at 2.5 bar bmep. In general dual fuelling was beneficial in reducing NOx and smoke emissions by 33% and 50%, respectively from baseline B100 levels; however, both CO and THC emissions were significantly higher than baseline B100 levels at all PES and loads.

scholarly journals The Effect of Injection Timings on Performance and Emissions of Compressed Natural-Gas Direct Injection Engine

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Aljamali ◽  
Shahrir Abdullah ◽  
Wan Moh Faizal Wan Mahmood ◽  
Yusoff Ali
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Engine Control ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
Engine Control System ◽  
Performance And Emissions

This experimental part investigates the effect of injection timing on performance and emissions of homogenous mixture compressed natural-gas direct injection. The engine of 1.6 L capacity, 4 cylinders, spark ignition, and compression ratio of 14 was used. Performance and emission were recorded under wide-open throttle using an engine control system (Rotronics) and the portable exhaust gas analyser (Kane). The engine was tested at speed ranging from 1500 revolutions per minute (RPM) to 4000 RPM with 500 RPM increments. The engine control unit (ECU) was modified using Motec 800. The injection timings investigated were at the end of injection (EOI) 120 bTDC, 180 bTDC, 300 bTDC, and 360 bTDC. Results show high brake power, torque, and BMEP with 120 as compared with the other injection timings. At 4000 RPM the power, torque, and BMEP with 120 were 5% compared to that with 180. Furthermore, it shows low BSFC and high fuel conversion efficiency with 120. With 360, the engine produced less CO and CO2at higher speeds.

The Effects of High-Pressure Injection on a Compression–Ignition, Direct Injection of Natural Gas Engine

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. McTaggart-Cowan ◽  
H. L. Jones ◽  
S. N. Rogak ◽  
W. K. Bushe ◽  
P. G. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emissions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Stream ◽  
Size Of Particles ◽  
High Pressure Injection ◽  
Gas Recirculation

This study investigated the effects of injection pressure on the performance and emissions of a pilot-ignited, late-cycle direct-injected natural gas fueled heavy-duty engine. The experiments, conducted on a single-cylinder engine, covered a wide range of engine speeds, loads, and exhaust gas recirculation fractions. The injection pressure was varied at each operating condition while all other parameters were held constant. At high loads, increasing the injection pressure substantially reduced particulate matter and CO emissions, with small increases in NOx and no significant effect on hydrocarbon emissions or fuel consumption. At low loads, injection pressure had no significant impact on either emissions or performance. At high loads, higher injection pressures consistently reduced both the number density and the size of particles in the exhaust stream. Injection pressure had reduced effects at increased engine speeds.

Combustion characteristics of compressed natural gas/diesel dual-fuel turbocharged compressed ignition engine

2003 ◽  
Vol 217 (9) ◽  
pp. 833-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Shenghua ◽  
Zhou Longbao ◽  
Wang Ziyan ◽  
Ren Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Delay Effects ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Ci Engine

The combustion characteristics of a turbocharged natural gas and diesel dual-fuelled compression ignition (CI) engine are investigated. With the measured cylinder pressures of the engine operated on pure diesel and dual fuel, the ignition delay, effects of pilot diesel and engine load on combustion characteristics are analysed. Emissions of HC, CO, NOx and smoke are measured and studied too. The results show that the quantity of pilot diesel has important effects on the performance and emissions of a dual-fuel engine at low-load operating conditions. Ignition delay varies with the concentration of natural gas. Smoke is much lower for the developed dual-fuel engine under all the operating conditions.

ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSION OF DIESEL DUAL FUEL ENGINE FUELLED BY BIODIESEL, DIESEL AND NATURAL GAS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulkifli Abdul Majid ◽  
Rahmat Mohsin ◽  
Abdul Hakim Shihnan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Nitrogen Oxide ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Engine Torque

The performance and exhaust emission of 6 cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel dual fuel (DDF) engine were investigated, the duel fuel used is corn oil methyl esters consist of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% blends with diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG). Experiment was conducted at a fixed compression ratio of 17.5:1 with variance of engine speed 1400, 1800, 2400 and 2600 rpm. Combination of Biodiesel and CNG showed a better result on engine performance in terms of horse power and engine torque compared to other types of tested fuel. The substantial decrease of 25.6 % in exhaust emission flue was observed, giving lower value of UHC and nitrogen oxide (NOx). However, when the fuel is blended with CNG, a poor performance on exhaust emission was recorded, which include carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) due to presence of CNG in fuel. 

scholarly journals Cyclic Combustion Variations in Dual Fuel Partially Premixed Pilot-Ignited Natural Gas Engines

2013 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Srinivasan ◽  
S. R. Krishnan ◽  
Y. Qi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Combustion Modes ◽  
Diesel Injection ◽  
Cyclic Variations ◽  
Partially Premixed ◽  
Dual Fueling

Dual fuel pilot-ignited natural gas engines are identified as an efficient and viable alternative to conventional diesel engines. This paper examines cyclic combustion fluctuations in conventional dual fuel and in dual fuel partially premixed combustion (PPC). Conventional dual fueling with 95% (energy basis) natural gas (NG) substitution reduces NOx emissions by almost 90% relative to neat diesel operation; however, this is accompanied by 98% increase in HC emissions, 10 percentage points reduction in fuel conversion efficiency (FCE) and 12 percentage points increase in COVimep. Dual fuel PPC is achieved by appropriately timed injection of a small amount of diesel fuel (2–3% on an energy basis) to ignite a premixed natural gas–air mixture to attain very low NOx emissions (less than 0.2 g/kWh). Cyclic variations in both combustion modes were analyzed by observing the cyclic fluctuations in start of combustion (SOC), peak cylinder pressures (Pmax), combustion phasing (Ca50), and the separation between the diesel injection event and Ca50 (termed “relative combustion phasing”). For conventional dual fueling, as NG substitution increases, Pmax decreases, SOC and Ca50 are delayed, and cyclic variations increase. For dual fuel PPC, as diesel injection timing is advanced from 20 deg to 60 deg BTDC, Pmax is observed to increase and reach a maximum at 40 deg BTDC and then decrease with further pilot injection advance to 60 deg BTDC, the Ca50 is progressively phased closer to TDC with injection advance from 20 deg to 40 deg BTDC, and is then retarded away from TDC with further injection advance to 60 deg BTDC. For both combustion modes, cyclic variations were characterized by alternating slow and fast burn cycles, especially at high NG substitutions and advanced injection timings. Finally, heat release return maps were analyzed to demonstrate thermal management strategies as an effective tool to mitigate cyclic combustion variations, especially in dual fuel PPC.

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